Sermon Shacharit Kippur 2025

“On Rosh Hashanah our judgment is written, and on Yom Kippur it is sealed.- B’rosh Hashanah yikateivun, uv’yom tzom kippur ye’ha’teimun”. On Hoshanah Rabba, the last day of Succot, the Judgement is sent our to be fulfilled.

The words of the Unetaneh Tokef prayer, where we are confronted with our own mortality. Recited at both Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur, the prayer goes into terrible detail:

“On Rosh Hashanah will be inscribed and on Yom Kippur will be sealed how many will pass from the earth and how many will be created; who will live and who will die; who will die at his predestined time and who before his time; who by water and who by fire, who by sword, who by beast, who by famine, who by thirst, who by storm, who by plague, who by strangulation, and who by stoning. Who will rest and who will wander, who will live in harmony and who will be harried, who will enjoy tranquillity and who will suffer, who will be impoverished and who will be enriched, who will be degraded and who will be exalted.”

And then the counterpoint –  “U’teshuvah, u’tefillah, utz’dakah ma’avirin et ro’a ha’gzera” 

But repentance, prayer and charity can mitigate the severity of the decree.

The origin of the poem is unknown – there is a myth that it was dictated by Rabbi Amnon of Mainz to the French Rabbi Kalonymus ben Meshulam in the  11th Century. Amnon had been martyred for refusing to accept Christianity, and after the excruciating death he suffered, he was said to have returned to earth to transmit this terrifying text. A copy dating to the 11th century has been found in the Cairo genizah, and there is actually no record of a Rabbi Amnon of Mainz, but from wherever the text draws its painful understanding of the fragility of life, it speaks a clear and authentic warning – we none of us know when or how we will die, but we all know that this is a fate we cannot escape.

On Yom Kippur we take a day out of life and consider ourselves as if we are already dead.  It is traditional to wear the Kittel, the shroud our bodies will be wrapped in for the grave. Customs include not eating or drinking or bathing for the duration of the day. We take time out of our ordinary lives and spend the day in reflection, tucked away in our synagogues and leaving the daily concerns and worries of our working lives outside the door. 

We spend the day as if we are already dead. Rabbi David Wolpe in his book about King David notes that “ In the Bible, David is vital, alive-the most vibrant of all biblical figures. He is a warrior, a lover, a sinner, a poet, a harpist, a forerunner of the Messiah. Throughout the book of Samuel we see in David a man filled with the zest and brio of life. Yet when we open the book of Kings, David is an old man, shivering in bed, and he cannot even keep himself warm. The first verse of the book reads: “King David was now old, advanced in years.” One chapter later, the Bible reads “David was dying” (I Kings 1:1, 2:1). The Rabbis notice a significant difference in those two verses. When he is old, he is still called King David. When he is dying, he is simply David. We hide behind power and position and title in this world. But when we face our own deaths, we do not face it as a king, or a rabbi, or an employee, or a parent-we face it as David, as the essence of each individual soul. Death brings you face-to-face with who you are.”

We spend the day as if we are already dead. And this brings us face to face with who we really are.

The Unetaneh Tokef  prayer considers the fragility of the lives we are living with extraordinary poetic languages and images:  “our origin is from dust and our destiny is back to dust, we risk our lives to earn our bread; We are like a broken shard, withering grass, a fading flower, a passing shade, a dissipating cloud, a blowing wind, flying dust, and a fleeting dream.”

We are mortal, we are fragile, we will be here and then gone, we will vanish and our place will know us no more – life will continue and we will no longer be part of it.

And yet. This prayer begins with the most amazing phrase “Unetaneh Tokef kedushat Hayom” – We give power to the holiness of this day”

This day, if we use it well, will mean that our mortality is not all that we are, or all that we have. Alongside the horror of how our deaths might occur,  or the imagery of our fragility, the poem weaves in the idea that we are seen and known by God. And more than that, that our relationship with the eternal God provides a kind of eternity for us too. We have added ourselves into the divine sphere.  We will not vanish forever and completely, but our deaths are deaths only in this world, we continue in some way post mortem. 

Jewish graves contain the acronym taf nun tzadi beit hei – a reference to a biblical verse that says that our souls are bound up in the continuing lives of others.  While our days on this earth are numbered, the lasting impact of our lives long outlives our physical reality.  We leave traces of ourselves and our actions in a myriad places – in the things we create and  the things we destroy, the gardens we plant, the words we write, the love we give, the relationships we foster……  We connect the generations that came before us to the generations who come after us. We are each an essential thread in a fabric that continues to be woven.

Two themes intertwine in this poem – the theme of our fragility and shortness of time in this world, and the theme of our living in eternal time connected to our divine creator.  Generally Judaism does not focus on what may happen in the Olam Haba – the world to come, which is variously described as both an afterlife of the soul, and a messianic time for the world. Whatever the Olam Haba might be, the rabbis are careful not to describe it in any detail – it is a coming world and not a present one. And Judaism is most interested and involved in our present reality, not conjecturing about what our texts may mean when they speak of our being “gathered to our ancestors” or “entering the Olam Haba”. There is little developed eschatology when our texts use terms such as “le Atid Lavo” (the future to come” or “acharit HaYamim” – the end of days.

But there is one Rabbi who had a definite opinion, and I would like to share that with you today.

R. Jacob said: “One moment of repentance and good deeds in this world is better than the entire life of the world to come.” (Avot 4:17)

Whatever might happen to us in eternity – whether we will be at some great yeshiva shel ma’aleh or feasting on Leviatan, or reconnecting with our families or loved ones – still how we are in this world has greater power and impact than any possible eternal future.   It is how we act in the here and now, among the people with whom we live and on the planet we share with all living things that is more important than anything else.  And in the words of the Unetaneh Tokef, we give power to the holiness of this day – we are the ones who are able to create and to power the holiness of this day by the thoughts and words in our hearts, by the actions that flow from those thoughts and words. We can bring holiness about, using this day of reflection and repair to “jump start” us into a new way of being

A folk story about the Satan, comes to mind. The Satan, who is called in our tradition the “accuser” or the ”prosecuting counsel”,  gathered his assistants together one day to discuss the most effective method of destroying the meaning of people’s lives.

One said, “Tell them there is no God.”

Another suggested, “Tell them there is no judgment for sin and they need not worry about their behaviour.”

A third proposed, “Tell them their sins are so great that it is impossible that they can ever be forgiven.”

“No,” Satan replied, “none of these things will matter to them. I think we should simply tell them, ‘There is plenty of time.’”

It is human nature to always think there is plenty of time. We can do things when the children grow up, when we have more income, when we retire. I still recall with great sadness a conversation I had in the hospice I work in, when a dying patient said to me “I’ve only just stopped working, and I expected this would be the time for fun. I just want to have more fun”

The Unetaneh Tokef prayer reminds us that time will run out for each of us, and we cannot know where or when. But it also reminds us that we can live fully, have impact and agency in our lives, should we choose to empower ourselves to do so, and make the choices and take the decisions that will broaden our experiences and nourish our souls.  And in doing so, we will be part of the work of increasing holiness in our world, repairing more than our own selves but also the parts of the world around us in which we have connection.

Yes this prayer offers the solace of our connection to God in whom we will shelter for eternity, but it does not make that the prime aim of our lives. Like the Shofar, it calls our attention to here and now, to the pain of reality and the need for us all to work to make it better. 

Our liturgy reminds us that this day is short and the work is great. In the words of Rabbi Tarfon in Pirkei Avot 2:15

 רַבִּי טַרְפוֹן אוֹמֵר, הַיּוֹם קָצָר וְהַמְּלָאכָה מְרֻבָּה, וְהַפּוֹעֲלִים עֲצֵלִים, וְהַשָּׂכָר הַרְבֵּה, וּבַעַל הַבַּיִת דּוֹחֵק:

Rabbi Tarfon said: the day is short, and the work is plentiful, and the labourers are indolent, and the reward is great, and the master of the house is insistent.

He also said – it is not for us to finish the work but neither are we free to absolve ourselves from it (2:16)

We are able to give power to the holiness of this day. We can use this day to increase holiness in the world, to help to maintain and repair the things that need maintenance and repair in our lives. 

“On Rosh Hashanah our judgment is written, and on Yom Kippur it is sealed.- B’rosh Hashanah yikateivun, uv’yom tzom kippur ye’ha’teimun”. On Hoshanah Rabba, the last day of Succot, the Judgement is sent our to be fulfilled.  

Let us not hide from our mortality but face our truth, and with our prayers, repentance and acts of righteousness, play our part in mitigating the severity of the decree.

The time to do so is now.

Sermone dello Shacharit 2025

“A Rosh Hashanah il nostro giudizio viene scritto, e a Yom Kippur viene sigillato. – B’rosh Hashanah yikateivun, uv’yom tzom kippur ye’ha’teimun”. A Hoshanah Rabba, l’ultimo giorno di Succot, il Giudizio viene inviato per essere eseguito.

Le parole della preghiera Unetaneh Tokef, dove ci confrontiamo con la nostra mortalità. Recitata sia a Rosh Hashanah che a Yom Kippur, la preghiera entra in dettagli terribili:

“A Rosh Hashanah sarà scritto e a Yom Kippur sarà sigillato quanti passeranno dalla terra e quanti saranno creati; chi vivrà e chi morirà; chi morirà al momento predestinato e chi prima del tempo; chi per acqua e chi per fuoco, chi per spada, chi per bestia, chi per carestia, chi per sete, chi per tempesta, chi per pestilenza, chi per strangolamento e chi per lapidazione. Chi riposerà e chi vagherà, chi vivrà in armonia e chi sarà tormentato, chi godrà della tranquillità e chi soffrirà, chi sarà impoverito e chi sarà arricchito, chi sarà degradato e chi sarà esaltato”.

E poi il contrappunto: “U’teshuvah, u’tefillah, utz’dakah ma’avirin et ro’a ha’gzera”

Ma il pentimento, la preghiera e la carità possono mitigare la severità del decreto.

L’origine del poema è sconosciuta: secondo una leggenda, sarebbe stato dettato dal rabbino Amnon di Magonza al rabbino francese Kalonymus ben Meshulam nell’XI secolo. Amnon era stato martirizzato per aver rifiutato di accettare il cristianesimo e, dopo la morte straziante che aveva subito, si diceva che fosse tornato sulla terra per trasmettere questo testo terrificante. Una copia risalente all’XI secolo è stata trovata nella genizah del Cairo, e in realtà non esiste alcuna traccia di un rabbino Amnon di Magonza, ma da qualunque fonte il testo tragga la sua dolorosa comprensione della fragilità della vita, esso lancia un monito chiaro e autentico: nessuno di noi sa quando o come morirà, ma tutti sappiamo che questo è un destino al quale non possiamo sfuggire.

Durante lo Yom Kippur ci prendiamo un giorno di pausa dalla vita e ci consideriamo come se fossimo già morti. È tradizione indossare il Kittel, il sudario in cui saranno avvolti i nostri corpi nella tomba. Le usanze prevedono di non mangiare, bere o lavarsi per tutta la durata della giornata. Ci prendiamo una pausa dalla nostra vita quotidiana e trascorriamo la giornata in riflessione, rintanati nelle nostre sinagoghe e lasciando fuori dalla porta le preoccupazioni e le ansie della nostra vita lavorativa.

Trascorriamo la giornata come se fossimo già morti. Il rabbino David Wolpe nel suo libro sul re Davide osserva che “Nella Bibbia, Davide è vitale, vivo, il più vivace di tutti i personaggi biblici. È un guerriero, un amante, un peccatore, un poeta, un arpista, un precursore del Messia. In tutto il libro di Samuele vediamo in Davide un uomo pieno di entusiasmo e brio di vita. Eppure, quando apriamo il libro dei Re, Davide è un uomo anziano, tremante nel suo letto, incapace persino di riscaldarsi. Il primo versetto del libro recita: “Il re Davide era ormai vecchio, avanzato negli anni”. Un capitolo dopo, la Bibbia recita: “Davide stava morendo” (I Re 1:1, 2:1). I rabbini notano una differenza significativa in questi due versetti. Quando è vecchio, viene ancora chiamato re Davide. Quando sta morendo, è semplicemente Davide. In questo mondo ci nascondiamo dietro il potere, la posizione e il titolo. Ma quando affrontiamo la nostra morte, non la affrontiamo come un re, un rabbino, un dipendente o un genitore: la affrontiamo come Davide, come l’essenza di ogni singola anima. La morte ti mette faccia a faccia con chi sei veramente.

Trascorriamo la giornata come se fossimo già morti. E questo ci mette faccia a faccia con chi siamo veramente.

La preghiera Unetaneh Tokef riflette sulla fragilità delle vite che viviamo con un linguaggio e immagini straordinariamente poetici: “la nostra origine è dalla polvere e il nostro destino è tornare alla polvere, rischiamo la vita per guadagnarci il pane; siamo come un frammento rotto, erba appassita, un fiore che appassisce, un’ombra che passa, una nuvola che si dissipa, un vento che soffia, polvere che vola e un sogno fugace”.       

Siamo mortali, siamo fragili, saremo qui e poi non ci saremo più, svaniremo e il nostro posto non ci conoscerà più: la vita continuerà e noi non ne faremo più parte.

Eppure. Questa preghiera inizia con la frase più sorprendente “Unetaneh Tokef kedushat Hayom” – Diamo potere alla santità di questo giorno”.

Questo giorno, se lo usiamo bene, significherà che la nostra mortalità non è tutto ciò che siamo, o tutto ciò che abbiamo. Accanto all’orrore di come potrebbero verificarsi le nostre morti, o all’immagine della nostra fragilità, la poesia intreccia l’idea che siamo visti e conosciuti da Dio. E più di questo, che il nostro rapporto con il Dio eterno fornisce anche a noi una sorta di eternità. Ci siamo aggiunti alla sfera divina. Non scompariremo per sempre e completamente, ma la nostra morte è solo in questo mondo, in qualche modo continuiamo a esistere dopo la morte.

Le tombe ebraiche contengono l’acronimo taf nun tzadi beit hei, un riferimento a un versetto biblico che dice che le nostre anime sono legate alla vita continua degli altri. Sebbene i nostri giorni su questa terra siano contati, l’impatto duraturo delle nostre vite sopravvive alla nostra realtà fisica. . Lasciamo tracce di noi stessi e delle nostre azioni in una miriade di luoghi: nelle cose che creiamo e distruggiamo, nei giardini che piantiamo, nelle parole che scriviamo, nell’amore che doniamo, nelle relazioni che coltiviamo… Colleghiamo le generazioni che ci hanno preceduto alle generazioni che verranno dopo di noi. Ognuno di noi è un filo essenziale in un tessuto che continua a essere intessuto.

Due temi si intrecciano in questa poesia: il tema della nostra fragilità e della brevità del tempo in questo mondo, e il tema della nostra vita nel tempo eterno collegata al nostro creatore divino. In generale, l’ebraismo non si concentra su ciò che potrebbe accadere nell’Olam Haba, il mondo a venire, che viene variamente descritto sia come un aldilà dell’anima, sia come un tempo messianico per il mondo. Qualunque cosa sia l’Olam Haba, i rabbini sono attenti a non descriverlo in dettaglio: è un mondo futuro e non presente. L’ebraismo è più interessato e coinvolto nella nostra realtà presente, senza congetturare sul significato dei nostri testi quando parlano del nostro “riunirci ai nostri antenati” o del nostro “entrare nell’Olam Haba”. C’è poca escatologia sviluppata quando i nostri testi usano termini come “le Atid Lavo” (il futuro a venire) o “acharit HaYamim” (la fine dei giorni).

Ma c’è un rabbino che aveva un’opinione definita, e vorrei condividerla con voi oggi.

R. Jacob disse: “Un momento di pentimento e di buone azioni in questo mondo è meglio dell’intera vita del mondo a venire” (Avot 4:17).

Qualunque cosa ci possa accadere nell’eternità – che saremo in una grande yeshiva shel ma’aleh o banchetteremo con Leviatan, o ci ricongiungeremo con le nostre famiglie o i nostri cari – comunque sia, il modo in cui siamo in questo mondo ha un potere e un impatto maggiori di qualsiasi possibile futuro eterno. È il modo in cui agiamo qui e ora, tra le persone con cui viviamo e sul pianeta che condividiamo con tutti gli esseri viventi, che è più importante di qualsiasi altra cosa. E, secondo le parole dell’Unetaneh Tokef, siamo noi a dare potere alla santità di questo giorno: siamo noi che possiamo creare e alimentare la santità di questo giorno con i pensieri e le parole nei nostri cuori, con le azioni che scaturiscono da quei pensieri e da quelle parole. Possiamo portare la santità, usando questo giorno di riflessione e di riparazione per “dare il via” a un nuovo modo di essere.

Mi viene in mente una storia popolare su Satana. Satana, che nella nostra tradizione è chiamato “l’accusatore” o “il pubblico ministero”, un giorno riunì i suoi assistenti per discutere il metodo più efficace per distruggere il significato della vita delle persone.

Uno disse: “Dite loro che Dio non esiste”.

Un altro suggerì: “Dite loro che non c’è giudizio per il peccato e che non devono preoccuparsi del loro comportamento”.

Un terzo propose: “Dite loro che i loro peccati sono così grandi che è impossibile che possano mai essere perdonati”.

‘No’, rispose Satana, “nessuna di queste cose avrà importanza per loro. Penso che dovremmo semplicemente dire loro: ‘C’è tutto il tempo’”.

È nella natura umana pensare sempre che ci sia tutto il tempo. Possiamo fare le cose quando i figli saranno cresciuti, quando avremo un reddito maggiore, quando andremo in pensione. Ricordo ancora con grande tristezza una conversazione che ebbi nell’hospice in cui lavoro, quando un paziente in fin di vita mi disse: “Ho appena smesso di lavorare e pensavo che questo sarebbe stato il momento di divertirmi. Voglio solo divertirmi di più”.

La preghiera Unetaneh Tokef ci ricorda che il tempo a disposizione di ciascuno di noi è limitato e che non possiamo sapere dove o quando finirà. Ma ci ricorda anche che possiamo vivere pienamente, avere un impatto e un ruolo attivo nella nostra vita, se scegliamo di darci la forza di farlo, e prendere le decisioni che amplieranno le nostre esperienze e nutriranno le nostre anime. E così facendo, saremo parte del lavoro di aumentare la santità nel nostro mondo, riparando non solo noi stessi, ma anche le parti del mondo che ci circondano e con cui abbiamo un legame.

Sì, questa preghiera offre il conforto del nostro legame con Dio, nel quale troveremo rifugio per l’eternità, ma non ne fa lo scopo principale della nostra vita. Come lo Shofar, richiama la nostra attenzione sul qui e ora, sul dolore della realtà e sulla necessità che tutti noi lavoriamo per migliorarla.

La nostra liturgia ci ricorda che questo giorno è breve e il lavoro è grande. Nelle parole del rabbino Tarfon in Pirkei Avot 2:15

רַבִּי טַרְפוֹן אוֹמֵר, הַיּוֹם קָצָר וְהַמְּלָאכָה מְרֻבָּה, וְהַפּוֹעֲלִים עֲצֵלִים, וְהַשָּׂכָר הַרְבֵּה, וּבַעַל הַבַּיִת דּוֹחֵק:

Rabbi Tarfon disse: il giorno è breve, il lavoro è abbondante, gli operai sono indolenti, la ricompensa è grande e il padrone di casa è insistente.  

Egli disse anche: non spetta a noi portare a termine il lavoro, ma non siamo nemmeno liberi di assolverci da esso (2:16)

Siamo in grado di dare potere alla santità di questo giorno. Possiamo usare questo giorno per aumentare la santità nel mondo, per aiutare a mantenere e riparare le cose che necessitano di manutenzione e riparazione nella nostra vita. 

“A Rosh Hashanah il nostro giudizio viene scritto, e a Yom Kippur viene sigillato. – B’rosh Hashanah yikateivun, uv’yom tzom kippur ye’ha’teimun”. Durante Hoshanah Rabba, l’ultimo giorno di Succot, il giudizio viene inviato per essere eseguito.  Non nascondiamoci dalla nostra mortalità, ma affrontiamo la nostra verità e, con le nostre preghiere, il nostro pentimento e le nostre azioni giuste, facciamo la nostra parte per mitigare la severità del decreto.

Il momento di farlo è adesso.

Naso – a sermon about counting and about what counts.

Naso Sermon Milan 2024

There is a long standing minhag that we never count Jews.  When checking for a minyan, the tradition is to say “not one, not two, not three.. etc”.  Or else to use a verse with ten words in it, most usually:

 Hoshiah et amecha u’varech et nachalatecha ur’em venas’em ad ha’olam.”   Save Your people, and bless Your inheritan​ce; tend them, and carry them for ever.  (Ps28:9   Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 15:3).

Yet the fourth book of Moses, known to us as “Bemidbar” – “In the Wilderness”, may originally have been called “Humash Hapikudim” – the book of counting (Mishnah Menachot 4:3), and only later did Jewish tradition prioritise the story of travelling from Mt Sinai to the very edge of the promised land and name the book for the place where the people lived for 40 years till the generation of slaves had died out.

 Sefer Bemidbar opens not long after the exodus from Egypt. The Book of Leviticus is in the nature of an excursus – a manual for the establishment and practises of the Aaronide priesthood – so just a year or so after escaping from slavery Moses is told to count the number of fighting-aged men, from every tribe except the Levites. As well as counting for army service, the various tribes were given detailed instructions as to where they would be placed each time the people set up camp.   Following this census for military purposes, here in Parashat Naso there is the counting and detailing of the various different groups within the Levitical tribe, in order to organise the priestly duties and the ongoing work of the Tabernacle.

With two censuses in quick succession, it is no wonder that the Book is known outside the Jewish world either from its Greek translation “Arithmoi”, or its Latin name “Liber Numeri” – “the Book of Numbers”. The sheer amount of numbers and calculation in the first few chapters alone feels overwhelming.

Among the plethora of numbers, and the organisation of the people into numbers who might fight and numbers who might perform the ritual service,  there is a very odd phrase in the text that call out for our attention.

While the counting that is going on in such detail and with such care, we are alerted to the notion that this enumeration is not “normal” counting, in that none of the words we would ordinarily use for such an activity are used – God could have suggested for Moses to limnot, lifkod, lispor,  – all of them common words in bible for the act of calculating amounts.

Instead, What God instructs Moses to do is “Naso et rosh” – “lift up the head of…..”

Clearly, in the practical acts of calculating the population for particular roles, there is more than merely counting that is going on. The text describes the people who are being counted as being  counted in their groups – tribal groups, ancestral sub-groups. Yet at the same time, each one must be individually considered. Each one’s head must be lifted, their individual faces seen. They must be noticed.

The words “Lifting the head “ are used a few times in the census taking in the books of Exodus and Numbers, but it is also used in the bible for a number of different reasons – it is used to denote a restoration or recognition of status, as in its earliest use when Joseph tells Pharaoh’s cup bearer that his dream means that Pharoah will reinstate him.

 Other passages use the absence of lifting of the head as describing a form of submission  or that the lifting of their heads by enemies is an act of war (See psalm 83:3; Job 10:15; 1 Chron 10:8)

What ties these various passages throughout Tanach together is that lifting the head is about asserting oneself, about being seen. Those being counted might be part of a larger group – a small cog in a larger machine – but the words make clear that this does not stop the person also being an individual human being.

So in a census to assess the military capability of the people, or to assign the various roles of the priesthood – given that both activities need to maintain clear hierarchies and boundaries, and both operate on the margins of life and death – it seems particularly out of place to use the language of individuality.  Yet here is the biblical text calling out to us  as if to say– “each one of you that I am counting is a particular and unique human being”.

We are also aware that God has already warned Moses that counting the people is dangerous and could bring about a plague. So in the earlier census, each man of fighting age was told to bring a half-shekel coin as “an atonement offering for his life”. A half shekel, no more and no less, so that the object of the counting  was the coin, and not the human being. (ki tissa Ex 30:12)

When King David will carry out a census for military purposes – against the advice of Yoav – a plague does indeed break out with the loss of seventy thousand lives. (2Sam 24)

 Counting Jews is dangerous-  it may take away their lives.

Why should there be such a strong taboo against counting Jews? Right from the early promises to Abraham God has said his descendants would be more than the stars in the sky and the sand in the desert – too numerous to count.   And why should counting be done at one extreme by the proxy of a coin, and at the other by lifting the head of each and every individual and noticing them?

Tradition gives us many answers, always a clue to the reality that we have no certain answer.

The Talmud (Yoma 22a) The Gemara  cites the opinion of R’ Elazar that whoever counts the people of Israel transgresses a negative commandment, as it is stated: “The Number of the Children of Israel will be like the sand of the sea, which cannot be counted”. And Rav Nachman Bar Yitzchak writes, that he transgresses two negative commandments, for it is stated in that verse “which cannot be (1) measured or (2) counted”. – two different (and more normal) verbs.

The fourteenth century Spanish Rabbi Bachya ben Asher ibn Halawa (Rabbenu Bachya) had an interesting insight into this question. He points out that each person, while being individually counted, is separated from the community. This very separation is dangerous, making them vulnerable and alone. For him it was only as an integral part of the community that a Jew could be safe.

Ovadia Sforno, the fifteenth century Italian commentator also had a view – that the lifting of each head for the purpose of counting for either military or other obligation would mean that we would be noticing not only the individuals, but also by default becoming aware of those who could no longer be counted – those who had died in battle for example. By being counted “in” attention would inevitably be drawn to those not present – something dangerous for morale in wartime.

Using the phrase “lift up the heads of each person” when counting the numbers for communal purposes sets up a sort of paradox.  Counting people means both absorbing them into the greater whole and therefore losing their individuality,  while lifting their heads to count them means the precise opposite – valuing the uniqueness of each human being who is being counted.  But it is a paradox that shapes our understanding of being in community.  We are each of us valuable and unique individuals who have a particular and necessary role in the world:  in the words of Rabbi Nachman of Bratzlav “The day we are born was the day God decided the universe could no longer exist without us”. At the same time, we must never separate ourselves from the community, for in doing so we lose our purpose and we diminish not only our own selves but also the power and safety of our community. 

We, the Jewish people, have been in a period of counting the omer, the 50 days between Pesach and Shavuot, which have just ended. We do not really know the purpose – is it days from Pesach and leaving slavery, or days towards Shavuot and accepting Torah?   But every night we have faithfully recited the blessing and counted off another day, another week.  And this counting has culminated in a festival where once again we replay the formation of our people, the relationship with God that is documented by the giving of Torah.

But in recent days there has been another counting going on, the days since the seventh of September have been days of counting without end. Counting the dead, counting the missing, counting the hostages and waiting for them to come home. We are lifting the heads and seeing the individuals, noting who is present and who is not present. Grimly aware of the void in our communities.

Pictures of the kidnapped and the murdered are being “lifted up” in public,  we have seen empty chairs around seder tables, the very public electronic markers of the increasing number of days of the hostages not coming home.  The images of those who have been forcibly separated from the community are seared into our consciousness. We count the days, we count the deaths, we count the people we cannot see and cannot know their fates. And indeed we are in a time of terrible tragedy.

Every individual caught up in this maelstrom of horror matters. Each of them must be noticed, their individual absolute value observed. No one should become irrelevant, or seen as cannon fodder, or collateral damage for a greater purpose.  Even while people are being counted for going to war, they are deliberately seen not as a number, but as a human being of intrinsic absolute worth. When a community no longer notices the humanity of all its component peoples, then it devalues itself and places itself in danger, just as much as it devalues and endangers the individuals within it.

For many people in Israel and beyond, our calendar is not showing us to be in the month of June, but trapped in the month of September, for many today is the 289th day of September. Trapped in the horror of a pogrom in the Land of Israel and trapped in the horror of a retaliatory war that is endangering the lives of so many people on both sides of the conflict. Both sides are trapped with a leadership that does not seem to recognise the value either of community or of individual human beings.

The bible understands the need for people of fighting age to be identified, and it understands that those same people must be identified not as an anonymous number but as full human beings with gifts and talents, hopes and dreams, relationships and emotions. It is no paradox in truth to see both the community and the individual while assessing strengths. It is the reality of communal responsibility at work.

After all these days of counting, of watching and waiting and reading and heartbreak, I have no words except to know that we must continue to lift up the humanity of everyone involved in this tragedy, to remain connected to them as we count the days, the people, the events. We are living in a human tragedy not a divinely ordained one, and the way through it is to remember the humanity of everyone involved.

Esiste un minhag di lunga data secondo il quale non si contano mai gli ebrei.  Quando si verifica la presenza di un minyan, la tradizione vuole che si dica “non uno, non due, non tre… ecc”.  Oppure di usare un versetto con dieci parole, di solito       

וּרְעֵם וְנַשְּׂאֵם עַד הָעוֹלָם בָרֵךְ אֶת נַחֲלָתֶךָ.  הושִׁיעָה אֶת עַמֶּךָ      Hoshiah et amecha u’varech et nachalatecha ur’em venas’em ad ha’olam”.   Salva il tuo popolo e benedici la tua eredità; curalo e portalo in eterno”.  (Sal 28,9 Kitzur Sh Ar15,3).

Tuttavia, il quarto libro di Mosè, noto come “Bemidbar” – “Nel deserto”, potrebbe essere stato originariamente chiamato “Humash Hapikudim” – il libro del conteggio (Mishnah Menachot 4:3), e solo in seguito la tradizione ebraica ha dato priorità alla storia del viaggio dal Monte Sinai fino ai confini della terra promessa e ha dato al libro il nome del luogo in cui il popolo visse per 40 anni fino all’estinzione della generazione degli schiavi.

 Sefer Bemidbar si apre non molto tempo dopo l’esodo dall’Egitto. Il Libro del Levitico ha la natura di un excursus – un manuale per l’istituzione e le pratiche del sacerdozio aronide – e così, appena un anno dopo la fuga dalla schiavitù, a Mosè viene detto di contare il numero di uomini in età da combattimento, di ogni tribù tranne i Leviti. Oltre al conteggio per il servizio militare, alle varie tribù furono date istruzioni dettagliate su dove sarebbero state collocate ogni volta che il popolo si fosse accampato.   Dopo il censimento a fini militari, in Parashat Naso si procede al conteggio e al dettaglio dei vari gruppi all’interno della tribù levitica, per organizzare i compiti sacerdotali e il lavoro continuo del Tabernacolo.

Con due censimenti in rapida successione, non c’è da stupirsi che il Libro sia conosciuto al di fuori del mondo ebraico con la traduzione greca “Arithmoi” o con il nome latino “Liber Numeri”. L’enorme quantità di numeri e di calcoli nei primi capitoli è già di per sé schiacciante.

Tra la pletora di numeri e l’organizzazione del popolo in numeri che possono combattere e numeri che possono svolgere il servizio rituale, c’è una frase molto strana nel testo che richiama la nostra attenzione.

Mentre il conteggio avviene in modo così dettagliato e accurato, siamo avvertiti del fatto che questo conteggio non è un conteggio “normale”, in quanto non viene usata nessuna delle parole che normalmente utilizzeremmo per un’attività del genere – Dio avrebbe potuto suggerire a Mosè di fare limnot, lifkod, lispor, tutte parole comuni nella Bibbia per l’atto di calcolare le quantità.    Invece, ciò che Dio ordina a Mosè di fare è “Naso et rosh” – “alza la testa di…..”.

È chiaro che negli atti pratici di calcolo della popolazione per determinati ruoli, non si tratta solo di contare. Il testo descrive le persone che vengono contate come se fossero contate nei loro gruppi – gruppi tribali, sottogruppi ancestrali. Allo stesso tempo, però, ognuno deve essere considerato individualmente. Bisogna sollevare la testa di ognuno, vedere i loro volti individuali. Devono essere notati.

Le parole “alzare la testa” sono usate alcune volte nel censimento nei libri dell’Esodo e dei Numeri, ma sono usate anche nella Bibbia per una serie di motivi diversi: sono usate per indicare un ripristino o un riconoscimento di status, come nel suo primo uso quando Giuseppe dice al portatore di coppa del Faraone che il suo sogno significa che il Faraone lo reintegrerà.

 Altri passaggi usano l’assenza di sollevamento della testa per descrivere una forma di sottomissione o che il sollevamento della testa da parte dei nemici è un atto di guerra (cfr. Salmo 83:3; Giobbe 10:15; 1 Cron 10:8).

Ciò che lega questi vari passaggi in tutta Tanach è che alzare la testa significa affermare se stessi, essere visti. Chi viene contato potrebbe far parte di un gruppo più ampio, un piccolo ingranaggio di una macchina più grande, ma le parole chiariscono che questo non impedisce alla persona di essere anche un essere umano individuale.

Quindi, in un censimento per valutare la capacità militare del popolo, o per assegnare i vari ruoli del sacerdozio – dato che entrambe le attività devono mantenere chiare gerarchie e confini, ed entrambe operano ai margini della vita e della morte – sembra particolarmente fuori luogo usare il linguaggio dell’individualità.  Eppure, il testo biblico ci chiama come a dire: “Ciascuno di voi che io conto è un essere umano particolare e unico”.

Sappiamo anche che Dio ha già avvertito Mosè che contare il popolo è pericoloso e potrebbe provocare una pestilenza. Così, nel censimento precedente, a ogni uomo in età da combattimento fu detto di portare una moneta da mezzo siclo come “offerta espiatoria per la sua vita”. Mezzo siclo, né più né meno, in modo che l’oggetto del conteggio fosse la moneta e non l’uomo. (ki tissa Es 30,12)

Quando il re Davide vuole effettuare un censimento a fini militari – contro il consiglio di Yoav – scoppia una pestilenza che provoca la perdita di settantamila vite. (2Sam 24)

               Contare gli ebrei è pericoloso: potrebbe togliere loro la vita.

Perché c’è un tabù così forte contro il conteggio degli ebrei? Fin dalle prime promesse ad Abramo, Dio ha detto che la sua discendenza sarebbe stata più numerosa delle stelle del cielo e della sabbia del deserto: troppo numerosa per essere contata.   E perché il conteggio dovrebbe essere fatto da un lato con la delega di una moneta e dall’altro sollevando la testa di ogni singolo individuo e notandolo?

La tradizione ci dà molte risposte, sempre un indizio della realtà che non abbiamo una risposta certa.      Il Talmud (Yoma 22a) La Gemara cita l’opinione di R’ Elazar secondo cui chi conta il popolo d’Israele trasgredisce un comandamento negativo, come si legge: “Il numero dei figli di Israele sarà come la sabbia del mare, che non si può contare”. E Rav Nachman Bar Yitzchak scrive che egli trasgredisce due comandamenti negativi, poiché in quel versetto si dice “che non può essere (1) misurato o (2) contato”. – due verbi diversi (e più normali).

Il rabbino spagnolo del XIV secolo Bachya ben Asher ibn Halawa (Rabbenu Bachya) ha avuto un’interessante intuizione su questa questione. Egli sottolinea che ogni persona, pur essendo contata individualmente, è separata dalla comunità. Questa stessa separazione è pericolosa e li rende vulnerabili e soli. Per lui un ebreo può essere al sicuro solo in quanto parte integrante della comunità.

Anche Ovadia Sforno, il commentatore italiano del XV secolo, aveva un’opinione: sollevare ogni testa allo scopo di contare per obblighi militari o di altro tipo significava notare non solo i singoli individui, ma anche diventare consapevoli di coloro che non potevano più essere contati, ad esempio coloro che erano morti in battaglia. Essendo contati “in”, l’attenzione verrebbe inevitabilmente attirata da coloro che non sono presenti, cosa pericolosa per il morale in tempo di guerra.

L’uso della frase “alzate le teste di ogni persona” quando si contano i numeri per scopi comunitari crea una sorta di paradosso.  Contare le persone significa assorbirle in un insieme più grande e quindi perdere la loro individualità, mentre alzare le teste per contarle significa esattamente il contrario: valorizzare l’unicità di ogni essere umano che viene contato.  È un paradosso che dà forma alla nostra comprensione dell’essere in comunità.  Ognuno di noi è un individuo prezioso e unico che ha un ruolo particolare e necessario nel mondo: nelle parole di Rabbi Nachman di Bratzlav “Il giorno in cui siamo nati è stato il giorno in cui Dio ha deciso che l’universo non poteva più esistere senza di noi”. Allo stesso tempo, non dobbiamo mai separarci dalla comunità, perché così facendo perdiamo il nostro scopo e diminuiamo non solo il nostro io, ma anche il potere e la sicurezza della nostra comunità. 

Noi, il popolo ebraico, siamo stati in un periodo di conteggio dell’omer, i 50 giorni tra Pesach e Shavuot, che si sono appena conclusi. Non ne conosciamo bene lo scopo: sono i giorni che ci separano da Pesach e dall’abbandono della schiavitù, o i giorni che ci separano da Shavuot e dall’accettazione della Torah?   Ma ogni sera abbiamo recitato fedelmente la benedizione e contato un altro giorno, un’altra settimana.  E questo conteggio è culminato in una festa in cui ancora una volta riviviamo la formazione del nostro popolo, il rapporto con Dio documentato dalla consegna della Torah.

Ma negli ultimi giorni c’è stato un altro conteggio, i giorni dal 7 settembre sono stati giorni di conteggio senza fine. Contare i morti, contare i dispersi, contare gli ostaggi e aspettare che tornino a casa. Alziamo le teste e vediamo gli individui, notando chi è presente e chi no. Siamo tristemente consapevoli del vuoto nelle nostre comunità.

Le immagini dei rapiti e degli assassinati vengono “sollevate” in pubblico, abbiamo visto sedie vuote intorno ai tavoli del seder, i marcatori elettronici molto pubblici del numero crescente di giorni in cui gli ostaggi non tornano a casa.  Le immagini di coloro che sono stati separati con la forza dalla comunità sono impresse nella nostra coscienza. Contiamo i giorni, contiamo i morti, contiamo le persone che non possiamo vedere e non possiamo conoscere il loro destino. E in effetti ci troviamo in un momento di terribile tragedia.

Ogni individuo coinvolto in questo vortice di orrore è importante. Ognuno di loro deve essere notato, il suo valore assoluto individuale deve essere osservato. Nessuno deve diventare irrilevante, o essere visto come carne da cannone, o danno collaterale per uno scopo più grande.  Anche quando le persone vengono contate per andare in guerra, vengono deliberatamente viste non come un numero, ma come un essere umano di valore assoluto intrinseco. Quando una comunità non si accorge più dell’umanità di tutti i popoli che la compongono, allora svaluta se stessa e si mette in pericolo, così come svaluta e mette in pericolo gli individui al suo interno.

Per molte persone in Israele e non solo, il nostro calendario non ci mostra nel mese di giugno, ma intrappolati nel mese di settembre, per molti oggi è il 289° giorno di settembre. Intrappolati nell’orrore di un pogrom in Terra d’Israele e nell’orrore di una guerra di rappresaglia che sta mettendo in pericolo la vita di tante persone da entrambe le parti del conflitto. Entrambe le parti sono intrappolate da una leadership che non sembra riconoscere il valore della comunità o dei singoli esseri umani.

La Bibbia comprende la necessità di identificare le persone in età da combattimento, e comprende che quelle stesse persone devono essere identificate non come un numero anonimo, ma come esseri umani a pieno titolo, con doni e talenti, speranze e sogni, relazioni ed emozioni. Non è un paradosso in verità vedere sia la comunità che l’individuo mentre si valutano i punti di forza. È la realtà della responsabilità comunitaria al lavoro.

Dopo tutti questi giorni di conteggio, di osservazione, di attesa, di lettura e di strazio, non ho parole se non quelle di sapere che dobbiamo continuare a sollevare l’umanità di tutti coloro che sono coinvolti in questa tragedia, a rimanere in contatto con loro mentre contiamo i giorni, le persone, gli eventi. Stiamo vivendo una tragedia umana, non divinamente ordinata, e il modo per superarla è ricordare l’umanità di tutte le persone coinvolte.

Whoever destroys a single life is considered to have destroyed a world

Judaism teaches that the value of every human life is infinite, and the Mishnaic statement that “Whoever destroys a single life is considered to have destroyed a world. Whoever saves a single life is considered to have saved a world” has become a popular text for activists everywhere, most recently seen in the film depicting the work of Nicholas Winton.

This statement is found in tractate Sanhedrin, in the context of judicial procedures, to remind witnesses that their testimony could cause the death of the defendant. It is an anti-capital punishment device.

Derived from the idea that the first human was the progenitor of all human beings, this shared ancestry is developed immediately afterwards. We are told that the first human was created alone so as to maintain peace among peoples, none of whom could claim a more ancient or noble bloodline.  Which makes a controversy about our statement all the more interesting. The Mishnah was redacted by the second century CE, but the earliest surviving written texts we have are medieval. And some of these have an added word “miYisrael” implying that the text refers only to Jewish lives. Scholars debate which is the earliest version, but I am convinced that it is the universalist text that is the earliest formulation. Besides extant ancient texts without the qualifier, Rashi’s commentary and even the Quranic version which retains a universal meaning, it is the context of maintaining equity and equality among peoples with a single shared root that is so powerful for me. Instead of valuing “our own” more, it teaches that we have a common humanity that overrides any particular identity.

The film “One Life” rightly gives Nicholas Winton great credit for saving nearly 700 children and their future descendants – entire worlds indeed. But I cannot help feeling that in the glow of this telling we gloss over the many worlds that are lost. Winton himself keenly felt the loss of the final train carrying 251 children which was stopped from leaving on the day war was declared. Records of the Council for German Jewry meeting the Prime Minister show Jewish leaders desperately trying to save Jews already endangered in Germany. Keen not to embarrass the British Government, they limited their request to saving children, took all financial responsibility, and assured that most would emigrate . The result was the Kindertransport – separating families whose descendants were physically  safe but often psychologically traumatised.  It is heartbreaking to read how political and economic imperatives trumped human life then. And nothing has changed.

Saving one human life saves a potential world, but we should never forget that destroying one human life destroys a potential world. And the responsibility for that destruction weighs on us all.

Living on the borders – Ukraine and Israel

The word “Ukraine” is probably derived from the old Slavic meaning “borderland”, and while its size cannot be compared to the diminutive territory of Israel, there are many resonances between the two countries. The deep spiritual attachment to their own land -from the flag depicting sunflowers and sky, to the testimony of Ukrainian people fighting to live peacefully in historically disputed territory, the echoes keep on coming.

Ukraine finds herself sandwiched between the global powers of “The West” and “The East”, an uncomfortable place to be. Israel has also historically found itself uncomfortably close to the political designs of powerful neighbours. From the empires of the Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, Persians (again), Arabs and Islamic power, Crusaders and Christian supremacy, Mamelukes, Ottomans…

Just as in any nation state situated in spaces other countries claim as part of their borders, the diversity of population, language, ethnicity and narratives means that internal as well as external boundaries can be fraught, yet at the same time a strong identity and loving attachment to the place is created, and no amount of displacement or oppression can disrupt these deep roots of belonging.

I am struck by how powerful is the testimony of those who call Ukraine home, who initially fled the war yet often returned  to the homeland they love and yearn for. I am reminded of the psalmist sitting by the rivers of Babylon, who recorded the people’s weeping and longing, the remembering of Zion and Jerusalem from their captivity and exile. The strength of relationship that the people of Ukraine have with their land impels them to fight for it even when it seems that the odds are too heavily against them, this too echoes in the Jewish soul.

Judaism has thrived in Ukraine for over a thousand years. Byzantine Jews of Constantinople had familial, cultural, and theological ties with the Jews of Kyiv a millennium ago and one of the city gates was named the Jewish gate. Chasidism was born there, as were many of the founders of cultural Zionism – from Jabotinsky to Achad Ha’Am, Bialik and Shai Agnon. While also the home of pogroms and of Cossacks, a place of historic persecution of Jews, of our expulsion and emigration – so many of us can trace our family roots back to this place – it is notable that Volodymyr Zelensky is Jewish and a proud supporter of both Ukraine and Israel.

Holocaust Memorial Day – Helene Rothschild

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My great aunt Helene Rothschild was born on the 6 May 1862 in Ottenstein, the daughter of Siegmund Rothschild. She never married. She stayed in the village and ran the grocery business among her other activities. Family lore recalls that she kept charge of the sefer torah from the synagogue built by the family, and that it was one of the possessions she tried to protect till the end – but while my grandmother saw much of her furniture and linens and silver and art work after the war in the houses of her erstwhile neighbours, the scroll disappeared.  We have one beautiful tablecloth of hers that one neighbour gave to my grandmother.

She had expected to die where she had been born and lived, where her family owned the Jewish cemetery and her father and mother were buried.  Indeed family lore speaks of the grave she had organised for…

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The Use and Care of  Public Money 

Every year around this time we read about the money given by the people to build the mishkan, the tent of meeting that will travel with them, and the work of creating it. At the end of book of Exodus we read P’kudei – “the accounts of the tabernacle….as they were rendered according to the commandment of Moses”. From here comes the imperative that public money has to be accounted for in detail, with complete transparency.

Centuries later King Jehoash expected Temple donations given to the priests would be used to keep the Temple in good repair. Discovering that money was given but the Temple was not maintained, he changed the system and installed a large chest with a small hole in it near the altar, where all monetary donations were safely deposited. Then  “the royal scribe and the high priest would come, put the money into bags, and count it. They would deliver the money to the overseers of the work. These, in turn, would pay the carpenters and the labourers …and pay for the wood and stone and .. every other expenditure needed to maintain God’s House. (2Kings12 10ff)

The imperative for transparency and proper use of public money may have been natural for Moses, but by the time of Jehoash  structures were needed to protect public funds. Notice the representative from monarchy as well as priesthood when the box was opened and the money counted. Talmud tells us “Money for the charity fund is collected by two people and distributed by three people. It is collected by two people because one does not appoint an authority over the community composed of fewer than two. And it is distributed by three people, like the number of judges needed in cases of monetary law, since the distributors determine who receives money and how much” (Baba Batra 8b)

There is a longstanding tradition in Judaism that those who collect or disburse public money must be provably honest and doing it “leshem shamayim” –  not for their own benefit but for the public good. They had to not only be honest but be seen to behave honestly – they were to stay together when collecting, not be seen putting even their own money into their pockets, be trusted to collect and distribute appropriately.  Money given in order to support the community is heavily regulated in Jewish law. No one can evade the communal responsibility to support the poor in their society and they do so through the regulated and trusted system.

As Maimonides writes “A city with a Jewish population must establish men who are known and reliable, who will go about among the people weekly, taking from each their fixed amount, and giving to each poor person enough food for seven days: this is called “kupah.”

Likewise they establish gabbaim who will take daily, from each courtyard, foodstuffs or money from whoever donates at that time, and distribute the collection in the evening among the poor, giving to each a day’s sustenance, and this is called “tam’hui.””

While Mishna Avot may tell us that “everything belongs to God”,  the reality has always been that some accrue wealth at the expense of others, misappropriating public funds – as Kohelet says, “there is nothing new under the sun”. So given our texts exhorting public service over private gain, never allowing the control of public money to fall to a small  unaccountable elite, legislating communal responsibility to feed, clothe, house and maintain the poorer in society (defined as not having enough for two good meals a day), what would Moses or Jehoash say about the homeless, the food banks, the benefit cuts, or the writing off of fraudulently misappropriated public funds?

(written for the Jewish News Progressive Judaism page February 2022)

Parashat Shemot – even the nameless must have their humanity recognised. Even the most ordinary of us contains a world within us.

וְלֹא־יָכְלָ֣ה עוֹד֮ הַצְּפִינוֹ֒ וַתִּֽקַּֽח־לוֹ֙ תֵּ֣בַת גֹּ֔מֶא וַתַּחְמְרָ֥ה בַחֵמָ֖ר וּבַזָּ֑פֶת וַתָּ֤שֶׂם בָּהּ֙ אֶת־הַיֶּ֔לֶד וַתָּ֥שֶׂם בַּסּ֖וּף עַל־שְׂפַ֥ת הַיְאֹֽר׃

When she could hide him no longer, she got a wicker basket for him and caulked it with bitumen and pitch. She put the child into it and placed it among the reeds by the bank of the Nile. (Exodus 2:3)

The story of Moses’ mother who hid him in a floating box among the reeds of the Nile river with his sister keeping watch to see what will happen leaves us with so many questions. But reading it this year the description of the box as a tevat gomeh – a seemingly inadequate and vulnerable woven box which was waterproofed with bitumen, struck me anew.

The only other place in bible where this word “tevah” appears is in the story of Noah’s floating vessel, when God tells him that the earth is to be destroyed, and Noah must

“עֲשֵׂ֤ה לְךָ֙ תֵּבַ֣ת עֲצֵי־גֹ֔פֶר קִנִּ֖ים תַּֽעֲשֶׂ֣ה אֶת־הַתֵּבָ֑ה וְכָֽפַרְתָּ֥ אֹתָ֛הּ מִבַּ֥יִת וּמִח֖וּץ בַּכֹּֽפֶר׃

Make yourself an ark of gopher wood; make it an ark with compartments, and cover it inside and out with pitch.” (Genesis 6:14)

My mind – as I am sure the minds of so many of us do – flies to the pictures all over the media of the small boats, often overfull with asylum seekers who are making dangerous journeys to safety. The reach Europe, or to reach the UK, they must cross the often treacherous waters, which in the case of the English Channel means both freezing seas, choppy waves and the busiest shipping lanes that they must avoid.

The connection between the tarred box that Moses’ mother makes, and the one made by Noah is not unnoticed among our traditional commentators. They notice that in both cases those within the tevah are saved from drowning; those who are not so lucky – the animals and people not chosen by Noah, or the baby boys of the Hebrews cast into the Nile at birth – will not survive. In both cases the tevah is the means of survival – in the story of Noah it is the whole of the animal kingdom which is given a chance of survival through the representatives protected on the Ark, and in the story of Moses it is the Jewish people who are given a chance of survival through the later actions of the tiny baby preserved within the basket.

At the point of the story where the birth and saving of the infant Moses is told, everyone is nameless. A certain man from the tribe of Levi marries a woman from that same tribe and she conceives and bears a son. She hid him for three months and then, when hiding was no longer an option, puts the child in the waterproofed basket amongst the reeds and sets his sister to watch. A female relative of the Pharaoh approaches and sees the basket, sends a slave to fetch it, opens it and realises this is a Hebrew child, at which point the watching sister shows herself and offers to provide a Hebrew wetnurse – the mother of the baby. The “wetnurse” takes the baby home under the protection of the daughter of Pharoah and nurtures him, bringing him back only when he is grown. And only then – only then in a sidra called “names” – do we get a name for anyone in the story. Pharaoh’s daughter says “His name is Moshe, because I drew him from the waters” (Exodus 2:10)  (the verbal root m.sh.h meaning to draw out)  שְׁמוֹ֙ מֹשֶׁ֔ה וַתֹּ֕אמֶר כִּ֥י מִן־הַמַּ֖יִם מְשִׁיתִֽהוּ׃

The namelessness of all the protagonists feels deliberate and important. These are not special people born to the task of saving an oppressed and vulnerable group, it is only the circumstances they find themselves in – and how they respond to those circumstances – that makes them of particular interest to us. They are, however, all of them representing a special quality that should give us pause – they are all, whether powerful or powerless, old or young, active or passive in the story – they are all human beings.

Reading this story in a world in which our politicians feel comfortable suggesting that the human beings seeking refuge and security in countries far from their own homes should be “turned around at sea”. People in dangerous small craft, often unseaworthy at the best of times of frequently overloaded and in poor conditions, become weaponised in an increasingly hostile environment as our politicians pander to the racism and xenophobia of a vocal minority of people.

https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/dec/24/tagging-migrants-likely-to-be-another-failed-plan-to-stop-channel-crossings

In November a group of fisherman tried to block a RNLI lifeboat from rescuing a group of migrants in danger on the sea : https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/fishermen-rnli-crew-migrants-rescue-hastings-b1966959.html

Once we know the names and the stories of those who take to these boats as the only way to reach safety we cannot be as indifferent or as hostile as we are encouraged to be by sections of the media and government.

Read the stories and weep – human beings merely seeking safety, risking everything because there was no alternative, read and think of Moses in his basket, his anxious mother, his watching sister, everyone just hoping that they would encounter kindness rather than hostility.

Read about those who died recently – read their stories and learn their names and the names of those who loved them. On parashat Shemot, the least we can do is to understand the humanity of even the nameless, and do our best to tell their stories and let their names not be erased.

https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/nov/27/death-in-the-channel-my-wife-and-children-said-they-were-getting-on-a-boat-i-didnt-hear-from-them-again

picture of Khazal Ahmed, right, with her son Mubin Rezgar, older daughter Hadia Rezgar and younger daughter Hasti Rezgar, who all died in the Channel crossing November 2021

Kristallnacht. November 9th – 10th 1938

As we commemorate Kristallnacht this year, the words of Arthur Flehinger, my step-uncle and a member of the Baden Baden synagogue who witnessed it all, along with my grandfather, need to be heard again

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The November Pogrom in Baden-Baden.’

 The events of 10.11.1938 in Baden-Baden were described by Arthur Flehinger, a teacher at the Hohenbaden Gymnasium, who subsequently came to Bradford, Yorkshire,  in a report he wrote in 1955: (In Stadtarchiv Baden-Baden 05-02/015). Translated by Rabbi Walter Rothschild.Image

“Until the infamous 10th November 1938 Baden-Baden remained largely sheltered from the worst excesses of the Nazis. This was not because anyone wanted to grant the Jews of the Spa town any especial privileges, but from purely egoistic reasons, because the Spa had strong international connections which had to be maintained; It was, as one said, Germany’s Visiting Card. Any major disruption of the inner peace would have had as an effect a reduction in the number of visitors from abroad and therefore a reduction in foreign currency takings, and the Nazis needed money and more money. Of course all the Nazi Orders (fingerprinting, Jewish…

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Parashat Noach: We will not be silent: renewing the work of creation

Parashat Noach

Ten generations from the Creation of the first human beings the earth is corrupted, violent and vile.

וַתִּשָּׁחֵ֥ת הָאָ֖רֶץ לִפְנֵ֣י הָֽאֱלֹהִ֑ים וַתִּמָּלֵ֥א הָאָ֖רֶץ חָמָֽס׃

וַיַּ֧רְא אֱלֹהִ֛ים אֶת־הָאָ֖רֶץ וְהִנֵּ֣ה נִשְׁחָ֑תָה כִּֽי־הִשְׁחִ֧ית כׇּל־בָּשָׂ֛ר אֶת־דַּרְכּ֖וֹ עַל־הָאָֽרֶץ׃ 

וַיֹּ֨אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֜ים לְנֹ֗חַ קֵ֤ץ כׇּל־בָּשָׂר֙ בָּ֣א לְפָנַ֔י כִּֽי־מָלְאָ֥ה הָאָ֛רֶץ חָמָ֖ס מִפְּנֵיהֶ֑ם וְהִנְנִ֥י מַשְׁחִיתָ֖ם אֶת־הָאָֽרֶץ׃  {ס} 

The earth became corrupt before God; the earth was filled with lawlessness.  When God saw how corrupt the earth was, for all flesh had corrupted its ways on earth, God said to Noah, “I have decided to put an end to all flesh, for the earth is filled with lawlessness because of them: I am about to destroy them with the earth.

In three verses (Genesis 6:11-13) the narrative drives home the problem – human beings have damaged their environment irredeemably. Ha’aretz “the earth” is mentioned six times, each time with the connection that it is corrupted  – from the root שָׁחַת  meaning spoiled, destroyed, corrupted, decayed….

God doesn’t directly reference the corruption of the people – it is the earth which is expressing the consequences of human action and inaction, the earth which is acting out the full horror of what humanity has become. And it is on the earth that the full punishment will be felt, as the floods rise and the rain falls, the waters that surround the land which were divided above and below at the time of creation return to their place, and no land will be seen for 150 days and nights.

The intertwining of people and land is complete. What one does affects the other, yet we also know that the land is used again and again in bible to be the metric against which ethical behaviour is measured – and should we not follow God’s requirements we will be unceremoniously evicted from the land for which we have stewardship.

When God decides to end the corruption on the earth God speaks to Noach. God tells him – all flesh will be ended because it is the action of humanity that has brought this unspeakable destruction about, and God is about to end creation – both people and land must be ended.

And Noach says – well, interesting Noach says nothing. Indeed, we have no record in any of the narrative of Noach speaking. Not to God, not to his family, not to humankind. His silence is a cold core at the heart of the story.  Noach doesn’t react, doesn’t warn, doesn’t plead or beg or educate or protest….

Instead Noach builds the boat, collects the animals and their food as God has commanded him, floats in a sea of destruction as everything around him drowns. And when eventually the dry land appears and they are all able to disembark, still Noach doesn’t speak. He builds and altar and sacrifices to God. He plants a vineyard and makes wine and gets drunk, and only then does Noach speak – he speaks to curse his son who had shamed him while he slept off his drunkenness. (Oddly while it was his son Ham who had seen him in this state, Noach actually curses Canaan, the son of Ham.)

He breaks this long long silence for what? To curse so that one group of society will be oppressed by another. He has essentially learned nothing.

We read the story every year. Every year Torah is reminding us – it just took ten generations to completely spoil the creation of our world. We read it and yet we don’t notice it. Instead we focus on the rainbow, the promise from God not to destroy us again by flood. We have turned it into a children’s story decorated with colourful pictures of rainbows and cheerful animals on an artfully dilapidated boat.

We don’t pay attention to the silence of Noach, which mirrors our own silence. We too don’t protest or change our behaviours or warn or educate, we too just doggedly get on with our lives. We don’t pay attention to the way that nature rises up to right itself, the planet ridding itself of the dirt and destruction humanity has visited upon it. We don’t pay attention to the drunkenness of the man who cannot cope with what he has seen, nor the warnings which echo when he finally speaks – to curse the future.

Noach is the quintessential antihero. There is nothing much we can see in him to learn from or to emulate. Yet his story can teach us a great deal. First and foremost it teaches us that abusing the earth will bring devastating consequences to all who live on this planet, and to the planet itself. We learn that the earth is fragile and complex interdependent system, that it does not take long – ten generations – to corrupt and seriously damage it. We learn that the way to avert this is not only to change our behaviour but also to engage with each other and support each other in changing how we treat our world, silence and focus only on self-preservation will not bring a good outcome for anyone. We learn that the trauma of survival in such circumstances will mark the generations to come.

Bible tells us that God repents having made human beings on the earth. (Genesis 6:6) and so brings about the flood. It tells us that God wearily understands that “the imagination of man’s heart is evil from his youth” (Genesis 8:21) after Noach has made his sacrifice having survived and returned to dry land. Much is made of God’s covenant not to bring total destruction by flood ever again – the symbol for the promise being the rainbow that appears in the sky – but this is not an open promise to the world that we will not bring about our own destruction, merely a divine understanding that perfection will never be part of the human project.

A perfect world is beyond our grasp, but that should not stop us grasping for a world which is healthy and healing, nurtured and nurturing, diverse and complex and continuing to evolve.

In the yotzer prayer, one of the two blessings before the shema in the shacharit (morning) service, is the phrase    “uvtuvo me’chadesh bechol yom tamid ma’aseh bereishit”

In [God’s] goodness God renews the work of creation every day.

Creation is not static, it is a constantly emerging phenomenon. Our tradition makes us partners with God in nurturing the environment we live in. If  God is said to give us a new possibility each day to make our world a better place, then unlike Noach we must grasp the challenge and work hard to clean up our world, and so avoid the inevitable consequences of just looking after ourselves and keeping silent.

22nd Elul

Yizkor: Instructions for Remembering

Remember.

Remember the blessings of those who no longer walk this earth.

Remember each name, each life-story.

Remember on behalf of those whose memory fails.

Remember with love the sweet and the bittersweet.

Remember with forgiveness the hurt and misunderstanding.

Remember with insight so you might experience deeper meaning.

Remember through the pain until you can touch joy and find comfort.

Remember through dreams left unfulfilled and choose one to fulfill.

Remember through your heart.

Remember through your actions.

Remember through living with kindness, generosity and forgiveness.

Remember by planting memories and helping them take root in the living.

Remember by opening your heart even if you thought it was closed forever.

Remember to live your own life as a blessing.

Remember to do all this.

Remember and you will be remembered.

Remember.

~Rabbi Nina J. Mizrahi