Sermon Bereishit 2024

Il testo italiano segue il testo inglese

Torah begins with a famous phrase “Bereishit bara Elohim”, which we usually mistranslate as  “In the beginning God created…” 

Why “mistranslate”? – Because the very first word is does not lend itself to being easily understood.

If Torah had wanted to begin at the very beginning, it would have used the Hebrew word “behat’chila  “ בהתחלה  -which we can translate as “in the beginning”.  Or maybe “בראשונה ברא

Which would at least keep within it the idea of “rosh” – a root more commonly understood as a “head” – both literally and figuratively – it can mean a leader, or something of importance in a hierarchy, the top of something, a direction upwards….

So it is not impossible to translate this opaque word to be – in the beginning – except-

Except we have to ask ourselves – the beginning of what?

God is already present, in existence beyond this “beginning”, already creating what is to become our world, and there is “tohu va’vo’hu” – another opaque phrase, but  one which implies not emptiness but its opposite – a chaos of disorganised matter.

Many commentators note that the Torah does not begin with the first letter of the alphabet as might be expected, but with the second letter.  The Hebrew letter Alef is used to denote the first number (one);  A letter without sound it is written in Torah as a combination of three Hebrew letters (the letter yud both above and below the letter vav written on a diagonal whereby the upper yud represents the unknowable aspects of God, and the lower one represents God’s presence in our world. The vav ( which means a “hook”) connects the two realms. It should be the perfect letter to begin a text about the creation of a new realm of existence.

A clue might come in the fact that the Hebrew letter “Beit” which does begin the text of Torah has the shape of a parenthesis, closing off whatever might have come before from view – not only to the side but above and below also. We can move only away and onwards from that shape; So a beginning of sorts, but with the definite implication that this is not in any way “THE beginning”.

Targum Yerushalmi doesn’t see a “beginning” at all, but reads this text using the idea of “reishit” as “Chochma” – wisdom “בראשית בחוכמא ברא יי:

The Zohar picks this us and tells us that Torah begins with the phrase “With Wisdom God created….” Whereas the Italian rabbi Ovadiah Sforno (died Bologna 1549) comments : “ [it refers to] the beginning of time; this is the first moment which is divisible into shorter periods. There had not been a concept “time” previous to this, there had only been unbroken continuity.”

               We are invited to ask ourselves, “What was created in this first sentence of Torah? And what was subsequently created?”      

We are invited to reflect upon the nature of Time, seeing not a linear progression but rather an “event”, a dislocation of continuity while at the same time a new pattern is forming which can create both time and space, the possibility of something new. 

               We are reminded that before one beginning lies another beginning – indeed rabbinic tradition speaks of God creating and destroying many worlds before this one.  [“Rabbi Judah bar Simon said: it does not say, ‘It was evening,’ but ‘And it was evening.’ Hence we derive that there was a time-system prior to this. Rabbi Abbahu said: This teaches us that God created worlds and destroyed them, saying, ‘This one pleases me; those did not please me.’ Rabbi Pinhas said, Rabbi Abbahu derives this from the verse, ‘And God saw all that God had made, and behold it was very good,’ as if to say, ‘This one pleases me, those others did not please me.  (Ber Rabbbah 3:7)

               This is not a text bringing a scientific perspective to our understanding of creation, nor is it speaking literally. It’s value lies in the challenge to us to make sense of our living on this world.  Unlike the King in Alice in Wonderland, who advises the white rabbit to “Begin at the beginning, and go on till you come to the end. Then stop”, the text is saying to us – there is no fixed uni-directional pathway, our existence is complex, there are always possibilities, always choices to be made, always the possibility of starting again, always new ways for us to find as we live out our time on this world.

               While every act we choose to do will, of course, have consequences, there is no fixed or pre-ordained destiny. Every morning we thank God for the return of our soul after sleep, with a line that references the book of Lamentations (3:22-23) speaking of God’s mercy and compassion renewed every morning – from which the rabbis deduced that every morning God renews every person as a new creation – every morning we have the opportunity to start again.

               On the list the rabbis compiled of seven things that were made before the Creation, one of the items is “teshuvah” – turning or returning to God/ to the right way of being. (Pesachim 54a). It is a way of saying that foundational to the creation of human beings is the possibility of change, of reviewing and amending our behaviour, of learning and of applying that learning for the betterment of the world. It is, so to speak, built into our human-ness. We are created with the ability to make changes, to decide ourselves how we will live, to understand the effects and consequences of our behaviours and to act upon that understanding.

               In the liturgy of Kippur, that great day of teshuvah, of repentance and return we have just celebrated, we read the words of Isaiah:

(יז) כִּֽי־הִנְנִ֥י בוֹרֵ֛א שָׁמַ֥יִם חֲדָשִׁ֖ים וָאָ֣רֶץ חֲדָשָׁ֑ה וְלֹ֤א תִזָּכַ֙רְנָה֙ הָרִ֣אשֹׁנ֔וֹת וְלֹ֥א תַעֲלֶ֖ינָה עַל־לֵֽב׃

 For behold! I am creating A new heaven and a new earth; The former things shall not be remembered, They shall never come to mind. (6:17)   We remind each other that our mistakes may not be erased, but they can pass into history, we can do better going forward, we need not be hampered by our past actions if we truly repent them.

               The Irish poet Seamus Heaney wrote “History says, don’t hope /On this side of the grave/

But then, once in a lifetime/The longed-for tidal wave/Of justice can rise up/ And hope and history rhyme.”

               I love what Seamus Heaney describes as the moment “hope and history rhyme”, the moment where what has already happened is met by what we human beings choose to make of it. The pivotal time where our humanity can change the future, where we can hope for something different, and then make that hope real. Where, as he writes, “a tidal wave of justice can rise up” echoing the prophet Amos (5:24) But let justice well up like water / Righteousness like an unfailing stream.  ויגל כמים משפט וצדקה כנחל איתן

               The first words of Torah – whether referencing wisdom or new beginnings – points us to the existence of hope. Hope, not as an aspect of divinity, but of humanity. Hope not as some kind of future messianic expectation, but as here-and-now action. Hope – something we can use in order to create a better world. 

In this shabbat which comes immediately after the Tishri festivals, from the changing of a year to the changing of ourselves, when we have just marked Simchat Torah, with its powerful symbolism of the continuity of Torah at the same time as the new beginning of the reading of Torah, we are most definitely at the point where hope and history meet.  

The past year has felt to many to be one of especial hopelessness. And yet we know, in the words of Rav Nachman of Bratslav:  “Lo tit’ya-esh – Assur l’hit’ya-esh – ‘It is forbidden to despair”.

He also said :  “If you belief it is possible to destroy, then believe it is also possible to repair.”

תַּאַמִיןֹ שֶיְכוֹלִין לְתַּקֵן אִם אַתָּה מֲאַמִין שֶיְכוֹלִין לְקַלְקֵל   

Im Attah ma ’amin she-yekholin lekalkeil ta’amin she-yekholim letakein

He is speaking about hope. Not an abstract or theological hope, but a practical one. Not optimism or wishful thinking, not a fantasy that does not take into account our reality, but a very concrete behaviour.

               The Hebrew word for hope – Tikvah – comes from a root k’v’h kavah meaning to gather together (used in this sidra for the waters that are gathered together in order to reveal the dry land), to bind together by twisting or stretching – from which we also get the image of a cord made of many strands, to expect and to look for a thing which we can focus upon which is not yet here.   The word is designed to demonstrate a collective, who share meaning and who will share action for change.  

               We have been in situations of existential despair many times. In truth the history of the Jewish people is filled with tragedy and violence, fear and instability, bad leadership and a directionless people. The Jerusalem Talmud speaks of the hours after the exodus from Egypt, when Pharoah and his army were riding up behind the people and the waters of the reed sea lay in front of them. The people did not know what to do. They divided into four different groups. One said  “Let’s go into the sea!”  Another said, “Let’s return to Egypt!”  Another said, “Let’s make war on [the Egyptians],” and the fourth said, “Let’s cry out against them!”.  To the group that said, “Let’s go into the sea,” Moses said to them, “Stand and see the liberation that God will work for you today.”  To those who said, “Let’s return to Egypt,” he said, “The Egyptians you see today you will never see again…”  To those who said “Let’s make war with them,” Moses said, “God will fight for you,” and to those who said, “let’s cry out….” he said,  “Hold your peace (be quiet)”  (Jer Talmud on Ex 14:13-14). It is a reminder to us that not only have we experienced such times of terror and trauma before, but also that there are many responses to such times. In the biblical text the next verse has God say to Moses  “Why do you cry out to Me? Tell the Israelites to go forward. And you, lift up your rod and hold out your arm over the sea and split it, so that the Israelites may march into the sea on dry ground.” . While the text appears to recount a miracle, look too at the instructions – Go forward, hold out your arm..  We cannot wait for God to act – it is our job to go forward in hope, to take action in hope, to make choices for a better future.

As the theologian Eugene Borowitz wrote, “To hope is to close the gap between our present condition and a more desirable one in the future.”  We come together as a people, bind ourselves to each other and offer each other a possible future that we can work towards creating. And in the words of Elie Wiesel: “Hope is like peace. It is not a gift from God. It is a gift only we can give one another.”             

               This shabbat is also the yahrzeit of Rabbi Regina Jonas, the first woman to be ordained a rabbi in modern times, who challenged the accepted worldview and opened doors into new worlds for the women (and men) who came after her.  I hope that you too will continue to challenge received wisdom, will follow your own heart and your own thoughts in order to best create a community and a world that is better for your being in it.  I have quoted Rav Nachman a lot in this sermon, and I want to end with one more of his sayings. ““The day you were born is the day God decided that the world could not exist without you.” It was a day where multiple new possibilities were born with you, and where each day of your life new possibilities emerge for you. I hope as you go forward in life you can celebrate those possibilities and choose for yourself things that bring you pleasure and meaning, that contribute to the world and make changes as yet undreamed of.

La Torah inizia con una famosa frase “Bereishit bara Elohim”, che di solito traduciamo erroneamente come “In principio Dio creò…”. 

Perché “traduciamo male”? – Perché la prima parola non si presta a essere facilmente compresa.

Se la Torah avesse voluto iniziare dal principio, avrebbe usato la parola ebraica “behat’chila” בהתחלה – che possiamo tradurre come “in principio”.  O forse “בראשונה ברא”.

Che almeno manterrebbe al suo interno l’idea di “rosh” – una radice più comunemente intesa come “testa” – sia in senso letterale che figurato – può significare un leader, o qualcosa di importante in una gerarchia, la cima di qualcosa, una direzione verso l’alto….

Quindi non è impossibile tradurre questa parola opaca con essere – all’inizio – eccetto-.

Ma dobbiamo chiederci: l’inizio di cosa?

Dio è già presente, in esistenza al di là di questo “inizio”, sta già creando quello che diventerà il nostro mondo, e c’è “tohu va’vo’hu” – un’altra frase opaca, ma che implica non il vuoto ma il suo opposto – un caos di materia disorganizzata.

Molti commentatori notano che la Torah non inizia con la prima lettera dell’alfabeto, come ci si potrebbe aspettare, ma con la seconda.  La lettera ebraica Alef è usata per indicare il primo numero (uno); una lettera senza suono che nella Torah è scritta come una combinazione di tre lettere ebraiche (la lettera yud sia sopra che sotto la lettera vav scritta in diagonale, dove la yud superiore rappresenta gli aspetti inconoscibili di Dio e quella inferiore la presenza di Dio nel nostro mondo. La vav (che significa “gancio”) collega i due regni. Dovrebbe essere la lettera perfetta per iniziare un testo sulla creazione di un nuovo regno di esistenza.

Un indizio potrebbe venire dal fatto che la lettera ebraica “Beit”, che inizia il testo della Torah, ha la forma di una parentesi, che chiude alla vista tutto ciò che è venuto prima, non solo di lato, ma anche sopra e sotto. Possiamo muoverci solo lontano e in avanti da quella forma; quindi una sorta di inizio, ma con la precisa implicazione che questo non è in alcun modo “L’inizio”.

Il Targum Yerushalmi non vede affatto un “inizio”, ma legge questo testo usando l’idea di “reishit” come “Chochma” – saggezza “בראשית בחוכמא ברא יי”:

Lo Zohar riprende questa frase e ci dice che la Torah inizia con la frase “Con saggezza Dio creò….”. Mentre il rabbino italiano Ovadiah Sforno (morto a Bologna nel 1549) commenta: “ [si riferisce] all’inizio del tempo; questo è il primo momento che è divisibile in periodi più brevi. Prima di questo non esisteva il concetto di “tempo”, ma solo una continuità ininterrotta”.

               Siamo invitati a chiederci: “Che cosa è stato creato in questa prima frase della Torah? E cosa è stato creato successivamente?”.     

Siamo invitati a riflettere sulla natura del tempo, vedendo non una progressione lineare ma piuttosto un “evento”, una dislocazione della continuità, mentre allo stesso tempo si sta formando un nuovo modello che può creare sia il tempo che lo spazio, la possibilità di qualcosa di nuovo. 

               Ci viene ricordato che prima di un inizio c’è un altro inizio – infatti la tradizione rabbinica parla di Dio che crea e distrugge molti mondi prima di questo.  [Rabbi Judah bar Simon disse: “Non si dice: ‘Era sera’, ma ‘E fu sera’. Da ciò si deduce che c’era un sistema temporale precedente a questo. Rabbi Abbahu disse: Questo ci insegna che Dio ha creato i mondi e li ha distrutti, dicendo: “Questo mi piace; quelli non mi sono piaciuti”. Rabbi Pinhas disse: “Rabbi Abbahu deriva questo dal versetto: ‘E Dio vide tutto ciò che Dio aveva fatto, ed ecco che era molto buono’, come a dire: ‘Questo mi piace, gli altri non mi sono piaciuti’” (Ber Rabbbah 3:7).

               Questo non è un testo che porta una prospettiva scientifica alla nostra comprensione della creazione, né parla in senso letterale. Il suo valore risiede nella sfida a dare un senso al nostro vivere su questo mondo.  A differenza del re di Alice nel Paese delle Meraviglie, che consiglia al coniglio bianco di “Cominciare dall’inizio e andare avanti finché non si arriva alla fine. Allora fermati”, il testo ci sta dicendo che non esiste un percorso fisso e unidirezionale, che la nostra esistenza è complessa, che ci sono sempre possibilità, sempre scelte da fare, sempre la possibilità di ricominciare, sempre nuove strade da trovare mentre viviamo il nostro tempo su questo mondo.

               Sebbene ogni atto che scegliamo di compiere avrà, ovviamente, delle conseguenze, non esiste un destino fisso o preordinato. Ogni mattina ringraziamo Dio per il ritorno della nostra anima dopo il sonno, con un verso che fa riferimento al libro delle Lamentazioni (3:22-23) che parla della misericordia e della compassione di Dio che si rinnovano ogni mattina – da cui i rabbini hanno dedotto che ogni mattina Dio rinnova ogni persona come una nuova creazione – ogni mattina abbiamo l’opportunità di ricominciare.

                              Nell’elenco che i rabbini hanno compilato delle sette cose che sono state fatte prima della Creazione, una delle voci è la “teshuvah”, cioè il ritorno a Dio/al giusto modo di essere. (Pesachim 54a). È un modo per dire che alla base della creazione degli esseri umani c’è la possibilità di cambiare, di rivedere e modificare il nostro comportamento, di imparare e di applicare tale apprendimento per migliorare il mondo. È, per così dire, incorporata nella nostra umanità. Siamo stati creati con la capacità di apportare cambiamenti, di decidere noi stessi come vivere, di comprendere gli effetti e le conseguenze dei nostri comportamenti e di agire in base a tale comprensione.

               Nella liturgia del Kippur, il grande giorno di teshuvah, di pentimento e di ritorno che abbiamo appena celebrato, leggiamo le parole di Isaia:

(יז) כִּֽי-הִנְנִ֥י בוֹרֵ֛א שָׁמַ֥יִם חֲדָשִׁ֖ים וָאָ֣רֶץ חֲדָשָׁ֑ה וְלֹ֤א תִזָּכַ֙רְנָה֙ הָרִ֣אשֹׁנ֔וֹת וְלֹ֥א תַעֲלֶ֖ינָה עַל-לֵֽב׃

 Perché ecco! Io creo un cielo nuovo e una terra nuova; le cose di prima non saranno ricordate, non torneranno mai più alla mente. (6:17) Ci ricordiamo l’un l’altro che i nostri errori non possono essere cancellati, ma possono passare alla storia, possiamo fare meglio in futuro, non dobbiamo essere ostacolati dalle nostre azioni passate se ci pentiamo veramente.

               Il poeta irlandese Seamus Heaney ha scritto: “La storia dice: non sperare, da questa parte della tomba…”.

Ma poi, una volta nella vita/ L’agognata onda anomala/ Della giustizia può sollevarsi/ E speranza e storia fanno rima”.

               Mi piace ciò che Seamus Heaney descrive come il momento in cui “speranza e storia fanno rima”, il momento in cui ciò che è già accaduto si incontra con ciò che noi esseri umani scegliamo di farne. Il momento cruciale in cui la nostra umanità può cambiare il futuro, in cui possiamo sperare in qualcosa di diverso e poi rendere reale quella speranza. Dove, come scrive l’autore, “può sorgere un’onda anomala di giustizia”, riecheggiando il profeta Amos (5,24) Ma la giustizia salga come l’acqua / la giustizia come un torrente ininterrotto.  ויגל כמים משפט וצדקה כנחל איתן

               Le prime parole della Torah – che si riferiscano alla saggezza o a nuovi inizi – ci indicano l’esistenza della speranza. La speranza, non come aspetto della divinità, ma dell’umanità. La speranza non come una sorta di aspettativa messianica futura, ma come azione qui e ora. La speranza – qualcosa che possiamo usare per creare un mondo migliore. 

In questo shabbat che viene subito dopo le feste di Tishri, dal cambiamento di un anno al cambiamento di noi stessi, quando abbiamo appena segnato Simchat Torah, con il suo potente simbolismo della continuità della Torah allo stesso tempo del nuovo inizio della lettura della Torah, siamo sicuramente al punto in cui speranza e storia si incontrano. 

L’anno passato è sembrato a molti particolarmente disperato. Eppure sappiamo, con le parole di Rav Nachman di Bratslav: “Lo tit’ya-esh – Assur l’hit’ya-esh – ‘È vietato disperare’”.

Egli disse anche: “Se credi che sia possibile distruggere, allora credi che sia anche possibile riparare”.    אִם אַתָּה מֲאַמִין שֶיְכוֹלִין לְקַלְקֵל תַּאַמִיןֹ שֶיְכוֹלִין לְתַּקֵן    Im Attah ma ‘amin she-yekholin lekalkeil ta’amin she-yekholim letakein

Parla di speranza. Non una speranza astratta o teologica, ma pratica. Non un ottimismo o un pio desiderio, non una fantasia che non tiene conto della nostra realtà, ma un comportamento molto concreto.

               La parola ebraica che indica la speranza – Tikvah – deriva da una radice k’v’h kavah che significa raccogliere (usata in questa sidra per le acque che si raccolgono per rivelare la terra asciutta), legare insieme attorcigliando o tendendo – da cui si ricava anche l’immagine di una corda fatta di molti fili -, aspettarsi e cercare una cosa su cui concentrarsi che ancora non c’è.   La parola è pensata per indicare un collettivo che condivide un significato e che condividerà l’azione per il cambiamento.  

               Ci siamo trovati molte volte in situazioni di disperazione esistenziale. In verità la storia del popolo ebraico è costellata di tragedie e violenze, paura e instabilità, leadership sbagliata e un popolo senza direzione. Il Talmud di Gerusalemme parla delle ore successive all’esodo dall’Egitto, quando il Faraone e il suo esercito cavalcavano alle spalle del popolo e le acque del canneto si stendevano davanti a loro. Il popolo non sapeva cosa fare. Si divisero in quattro gruppi diversi. Uno disse: “Andiamo in mare!”.  Un altro disse: “Torniamo in Egitto!”.  Un altro disse: “Facciamo guerra [agli Egiziani]”, e il quarto disse: “Gridiamo contro di loro!”.  Al gruppo che disse: “Andiamo nel mare”, Mosè disse: “Restate in piedi e vedrete la liberazione che Dio opererà per voi oggi”.  A quelli che dissero: “Torniamo in Egitto”, disse: “Gli egiziani che vedete oggi non li vedrete mai più…”.  A quelli che dicevano: “Facciamo la guerra con loro”, Mosè disse: “Dio combatterà per voi”, e a quelli che dicevano: “Gridiamo ….”, disse: “State tranquilli” (Jer Talmud su Es 14,13-14). Ci ricorda che non solo abbiamo già vissuto momenti di terrore e trauma, ma anche che ci sono molte risposte a questi momenti. Nel testo biblico, il versetto successivo dice a Mosè: “Perché gridi verso di me? Di’ agli Israeliti di andare avanti. E tu, alza la tua verga e stendi il tuo braccio sul mare e dividilo, così che gli Israeliti possano marciare nel mare su terra asciutta”. . Sebbene il testo sembri raccontare un miracolo, guardate anche le istruzioni: “Vai avanti, tendi il tuo braccio”.  Non possiamo aspettare che Dio agisca: è nostro compito andare avanti nella speranza, agire nella speranza, fare scelte per un futuro migliore.

Come ha scritto il teologo Eugene Borowitz, “sperare è colmare il divario tra la nostra condizione attuale e una più desiderabile in futuro”.  Ci riuniamo come popolo, ci leghiamo gli uni agli altri e ci offriamo un futuro possibile che possiamo lavorare per creare. Per dirla con le parole di Elie Wiesel: “La speranza è come la pace. Non è un dono di Dio. È un dono che solo noi possiamo farci l’un l’altro”.

                              Questo shabbat è anche lo yahrzeit di Rabbi Regina Jonas, la prima donna a essere ordinata rabbino nei tempi moderni, che ha sfidato la visione del mondo accettata e ha aperto le porte di nuovi mondi alle donne (e agli uomini) che sono venuti dopo di lei.  Spero che anche voi continuiate a sfidare la saggezza ricevuta, che seguiate il vostro cuore e i vostri pensieri per creare al meglio una comunità e un mondo migliori per il fatto di esserci.  Ho citato spesso Rav Nachman in questo sermone e voglio concludere con un altro dei suoi detti. “Il giorno in cui sei nato è il giorno in cui Dio ha deciso che il mondo non poteva esistere senza di te”. È stato un giorno in cui con voi sono nate molteplici nuove possibilità e in cui ogni giorno della vostra vita emergono nuove possibilità per voi. Spero che, andando avanti nella vita, possiate celebrare queste possibilità e scegliere per voi stessi cose che vi portino piacere e significato, che contribuiscano al mondo e apportino cambiamenti non ancora sognati.

Shabbat HaGadol:the day to remind ourselves (as we frantically focus down on Pesach preparations) that our world is larger and more complex than we might be tempted to think.

The shabbat before Pesach goes under the name of “Shabbat Hagadol”, the Great Sabbath. It follows a number of special shabbatot, each with its own name and purpose –Shekalim and Zachor, Parah and HaChodesh, each of which is designed liturgically to remind us of something particular, each of which has its own extra torah reading and Haftarah.

Shabbat Hagadol, the Great Sabbath, doesn’t quite fit into the pattern.  While it has its own Haftarah from which some say its name is derived  (it ends “hiney anochi sholeyach lachem et eliyah ha’navee, lifnei bo yom Adonai, hagadol v’ha’norah”  Behold I am sending to you Elijah the prophet before the arrival of the Day of the Eternal God, the great and the awesome day (Malachi 3:4-24,23”)  there is no way of knowing whether the name or the reading came first, and truthfully the connection is quite tenuous – to derive the name of the day from the penultimate word of the Haftarah seems unlikely.  So, it doesn’t have an extra Torah reading, and the Haftarah which contains both terrible warning of destruction as well as a prophecy of the redemption at the end of days, is an unlikely contender for the designation of the date.

So what makes this Shabbat Great? Shabbat Hagadol, the great Sabbath?

I’ve heard a number of explanations – always a sign that there can be no certainty – and they range from the quasi historical to the frankly unbelievable.

Traditional commentators explain that the 10th Nissan, the date when the Israelites were to take the lambs into their homes prior to slaughtering them on the 14th of that month, was a shabbat – hence we are remembering the anniversary of that brave act of identification made by the Hebrew slaves after the ninth plague had not yet effected their liberation.  It is a neat suggestion, backed up by some ingenious workings of biblical chronology, but I think at least partially, it misses the point of the naming of this shabbat.  To get a sense of the specialness of this day we need to look not at the particular events of the Exodus, but at the fuller picture of the Jewish year.

There are two shabbatot in the year when it was traditional for the rabbis or scholars of the community to give a sermon.   One was the shabbat before Pesach – Shabbat Hagadol,  and the other was the Shabbat before Yom Kippur – Shabbat Shuvah.  Each of these are the pivotal shabbatot of the Jewish calendar, for they appear exactly half a year apart at a boundary point of the year.  The spring month of Nisan is designated in the bible as the first month of the year, and the autumn month of Tishrei begins the counting of the new solar year.  Both therefore are counted as real new years in our calendar, and so both hold out the possibility of new beginnings.

In both new years there is a tradition of self examination, of clearing out the old disruptive and restraining elements in our lives, and of starting afresh.  Be it the emptying our of the crumbs in our pockets into running water during tashlich as we symbolically get rid of our sins at Rosh Hashanah, or the bedikat chametz – searching for the strategically placed bits of bread around the house with a candle and a feather on the night before seder night so as to be able to burn them the next day, we use the same symbolism to the same effect – we want to be able to start again unencumbered by our past worldly misdemeanours, we want to have a new chance, and the beginning of a year has the right sort of resonance for it.

In the month of Tishrei, along with the festivals of Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur and the eight days of Sukkot our calendar has created  a special shabbat with its own haftarah, where God speaks to us asking us to return – Shabbat Shuvah.   It seems only proper that the month of Nisan should have a special shabbat too, echoing the relationship between God and Israel that will also be so prominent in the commemoration of the exodus from Egypt, but weighted slightly differently from the Autumn celebration.

Pesach is a festival that is dedicated to the particular experience of the Jews.  It records our liberation from slavery, the beginning of our journey towards peoplehood, the moment when we embarked on a course that would lead to our encountering God, accepting Covenant, recognising the unity of the Divine.  The Autumn Festivals celebrate not our particularity but our part in a universality – Rosh Hashanah is not the birthday of the Jewish people but of the World, Sukkot is the festival of recognition of the universality of God over all peoples.  Our Jewish tradition values both aspects – the particularity of the special covenantal relationship between the Jewish people and God, and the universality of God being God over all the world – divine creator of all people.

Just as we have two new years co-existing with each other in our calendar, so does our theology allow for two quite different identities – the particular one of the Jewish world and the universal one of the whole world.  The skill is in keeping the balance at all times between what may sometimes be conflicting priorities.  If we become too universalist then we lose our special identity, integrating and assimilating into our context until we become unrecognisable even to ourselves.  If we become too particularist then we block out the world around us, turn our backs on the real and important issues of our context, and deny the greatness and universality of our God by denying parts of God’s creation.  The prophets railed against this; the rabbis planned and manoeuvred to keep seemingly mutually incompatible ideas and circumstances alive and within the tradition.  It is a major triumph of Judaism that it is able to keep conflicting truths within the canon of our teachings and one we must never take for granted.

So both Nisan and Tishrei are new beginnings, yet each has different characteristic alongside the similarity.  Nisan is about the particular redemption of the Jewish people, Tishrei about the universal redemption of the world.  Yet each has a balancing component within it.  In Tishrei we mix into the liturgy a great deal of contemplative and reflective material, and we add a shabbat of particularity – shabbat Shuvah.  In Pesach we act out the exodus of the Jewish people from Egypt as though we ourselves were there, but we mix into it an awareness of the pain and suffering of the wider world. We lessen our wine of joy by dropping some out as we recall the sufferings of the Egyptians for example, we shorten some of the Hallel psalms to temper our happiness at the crossing of the Red Sea because we remember the Egyptian pursuers who drowned there.  And we add to our commemoration of our redemption from slavery the oppression of others who are not yet released from their subjugation.  There is a tradition to add to both the symbols of Pesach and the liturgy of its services a wider remembrance of suffering and tyranny.  When I was growing up it was common to have a matzah of hope for Jews in Syria and the Soviet Union, to leave an extra chair and place setting for those who were unable to partake in a seder.  As time passed other things have been added to some sedarim – the orange placed on the seder place for example, to symbolise inclusion; and now the olive being added as a hope for peace for all peoples in the Middle East.

Balancing the universal and the particular, the creation of the whole world and the exodus of the Jews from Egypt, is a Jewish life skill.  We are a separate people who are part of the one humanity created by God.  We have a particular covenant which designates particular obligations – mitzvot, with that God and we also know that while our convenant is binding on both parties, God also has other particular covenants with other peoples.  We care about our special identity and need to keep it active, and yet we also care about God’s wider world.  We balance the two parts of ourselves continually, the particularist and the universalist elements are both  legitimate expressions of Jewish thinking, and neither perspective can enable us without the other being somewhere in the equation.

So why Shabbat HaGadol?  It is, I think, the balance to Shabbat Shuvah, the day to remind ourselves as we frantically focus down on Pesach preparations that our world is larger and more complex than we might currently be tempted to think.  If our minds are full only of cleaning, cooking and shopping, we should allow space to consider the purpose of commemorating the festival at all. If we are preparing ourselves for the seder service, we should be looking outside the texts of Egyptian or Roman or Crusader persecution of the Jews and look for more modern examples of oppression and subjugation – both within the Jewish world and outside of it.  Shabbat Hagadol is a day to remember the rest of the world before we immerse ourselves in the particular Jewish experience of an exodus and a liberation that led to our formation as a people.

We are once again, at a new beginning.  It is 6 months since we stopped and really thought about the world and about our part within it, our sins of commission and our sins of omission.  This shabbat before Pesach, Shabbat HaGadol, calls to us now to ask – Have we changed in that time? Have  we responded to injustice or pain around us? Have we followed up the resolutions and vows we made during the Yamim Noraim?  Are we playing a part in Tikkun Olam, repairing the world so as to make it a more godly place?  Do we really care what is happening in our name in the world right now as Jews or middle-class professionals or citizens of Western countries?  Or will we just settle down in our homes to commemorate a historical event in a ritual way, opening the door to the outside only towards the end of our service, for a brief moment of recognition that we are not alone in the world, yearning for Elijah to come and signal the end?

Shabbat Hagadol – taking place in a new month which itself begins a new year refocuses us for a day away from our own historical reality to look at the surroundings in which our present reality takes place. It is truly a Great Sabbath.