Vayeshev

Our Parashah is “bookended” with stories about dreams; both stories featuring Joseph as the central character. At the end of our Parashah, we are told about Joseph’s success in the prison of the court of Egypt – and of his insightful explanation of the dreams of two of his fellow prisoners: Each of the two men – the butler and the baker of the king of Egypt, who were being held in prison – had a dream the same night, and each dream had a meaning of its own. When Joseph came to them the next morning, he saw that they were dejected. So he asked Pharaoh’s officials who were in custody with him in his master’s house, “Why are your faces so sad today?” “We both had dreams,” they answered, “but there is no one to interpret them.” Then Joseph said to them, “Do not interpretations belong to God? Tell me your dreams.” (gen 40:5-8)

Dreams appear in the book of Genesis on a number of occasions. The first dreamer is almost incidental to the narrative, when Avimelech King of Gerar (Gen 20:3-7)  is warned by God in a dream to return Abraham’s wife to him after he has taken  her for himself when Avraham had said that Sarah was his sister in a bid to save his own life. The next dreamer is Jacob who dreams twice, the first time when leaving the land as a young boy afraid for his future, and his dream of the ladder with angels ascending and descending and the presence of God comforting him with the declaration that God would be with him and stay with him until his return to this land. The second dream while he is still with Laban but aware that the tide of hospitality is turning and he must return to the land. (Gen 31:10-13). After this God appears to Laban in a dream (31:24) in order to warn him not to attack Jacob who has prospered greatly at Laban and the family’s expense.

Within the Joseph narratives, there are three couplets of dreams. Joseph as a young boy dreaming of both the sheaves of corn and of the stars all bowing down to him; the dreams of the butler and the baker, servants of Pharaoh, And finally the two dreams of Pharaoh himself. Each of these dreams contains a message about the future, and seem to be dependent on interpretation in a way that the earlier dreams do not.

Joseph is confident about his ability to explain their dreams – and that confidence is quickly validated, as each of his explanations is played out in Pharaoh’s court. The butler is restored to his position and the baker is hanged. (40:21-22)

Where did Joseph get this confidence; indeed, where did he get the ability to interpret dreams? The earlier dream sequence in the beginning of our Parashah, involving Joseph, posits Joseph not as a dream interpreter; rather, as the dreamer. His brothers and father are the ones who make inferences from his dreams – but he just reports them. When did he learn how to explain dreams?

And why does the butler “finally” remember Joseph and report his successful dream interpretation abilities to Pharaoh. This ability will lead not only to Joseph’s rise to greatness (as a result of his explanation of Pharaoh’s dreams), but ultimately to our terrible oppression and slavery in Egypt. (See BT Shabbat 10b)

Dreams can bring about powerful events. As Bradley Artson wrote, ‘our lives are made full by dreams” “Aspirations for a better tomorrow, hopes for a world of peace and plenty, of inclusion and freedom, of spirit and dance – these hopes keep us alive and help us to live our lives with purpose. Were it not for our dreams, the world would be too narrow and too cold to contain us. As Theodor Herzl observed, “Every creed of man was once a dream.” Or, to use more religious language, Rabbi Yehudah Ha-Levi exults, “A dream brought me into the sanctuaries of God.”

Through our dreams, we imagine a world worthy of our efforts and responsive to our needs. Through our dreams, we preview ourselves heroic, as larger than life in bringing that better tomorrow today. Dreams offer dress rehearsals for the reality yet to be.

Yet precisely because dreams provide a chance to see ourselves as significant, to view our contributions as substantial, they can also become vessels for our ambition, and sources of jealousy to those in whom we confide. Such was the case for Joseph and his brothers.  “

Joseph’s dreams may well have been prophecy. They may well also have embodied the sibling rivalry between him and his older brothers. He was, after all, ben zekunim, the child of his father’s old age, and therefore a favoured child. He was certainly the child of the favoured wife. His dreams and the way he presented them to his brothers were offensive to them, and quite rightly so.  The brothers were offended not so much by the dream itself as by the apparent cause for this dream. They clearly thought that Joseph must be thinking about his takeover of the family so much that these thoughts have entered his dreams.  Jewish tradition knew early on that not all dream was prophecy, but that it may be the expression of what we today would describe as subconscious desires and repressed urges. So for example the Talmud (Berachot 56a) records two incidents where the local (non-Jewish) governor challenged one of our Sages to predict the content of his dreams of the coming night. In each case, the Sage described a detailed and horrific dream – which so preoccupied the governor that he did indeed dream about it that night.

So the brothers must have thought at first that the dream was an expression of Joseph’s ambition, and they rightly would have hated him for that. But why did they keep silent at the second dream?  There was a tradition that although a single dream may be caused by internal thoughts and ruminations, if that same dream (or the same “message” clothed in alternate symbolism) occurs twice, it is no longer a happenstance – it is truly God’s word. We find this approach explicitly stated by Joseph when he explains Pharaoh’s doubled dream:

The reason the dream was given to Pharaoh in two forms is that the matter has been firmly decided by God, and God will do it soon. (Bereshit 41:32)

So to return to Joseph in the Egyptian prison, when he learned that both butler and baker had experienced significant and terrifying dreams in the same night, he understood that these were more than dreams. Just like a dream that occurs twice to the same person is more than a dream, similarly, if two men sharing a fate have impactful dreams on the same night, their dreams must be divine messages.

His response: Do not interpretations belong to God? Tell me your dreams – is not presumptuous. He was telling them that their dreams were more than “just dreams” – they were in the province of God and, as such, would not need sophisticated interpretation (as is the case with a subconscious-based dream). They would be fairly easy to understand – as indeed they were. Joseph earned his reputation as an interpreter of dreams – and his ultimate freedom and final rise to power by remembering the lesson from his father’s house – that the “doubled dream” is a mark of prophecy, and by applying it intelligently years later in Egypt. This is what gave him the confidence to interpret first for the butler and baker and then for Pharaoh himself.

Joseph’s dreams were easy to read, and they did of course, ultimately come true when his brothers were forced to bow down to him upon soliciting food in Egypt. But we should never forget the pain that was caused by his telling of them, and the circumstances that were set in motion because of that pain. 

We too may have our dreams and our visions, and see them as being somehow stamped with the approval of the Almighty. But we, like Joseph, should take the time to see our dreams from a different perspective, to look at how they look through the eyes of others. For what may appear to us as a deservedly great reward may seem to other parties involved as conquest, exploitation, or marginalization. We need to strive for a God’s eye view, in which how our dreams appear to others can be factored into the unfolding of the dream into a more welcoming reality. Because our dreams don’t have to pan out exactly for them to come true, and we certainly have a role to play in bringing them forth. As we begin chanukah we should remember not only the dreams of the Maccabees, but the dreams of all who yearn for self determination and religious and national autonomy,

Bradley Artson wrote that “A world without dreams is too small for the human soul. But a world in which our dreams are projected onto the world without making room for each other is too brutal. Ultimately, Joseph and his brothers learn to bring each other into their dreams, recognizing that the greatest dream of all is the one God dreams for us all: “On that day, all will be one, and God’s name: One.”

Toledot

Parashat Toledot is the one time that we focus on the life of the adult Isaac. His parents, Abraham and Sarah are dead and buried. He is married to Rebecca, whom his father’s servant has brought back from their ancestral homeland for this purpose. He is in love with her and faithful to her and she is apparently barren. So Isaac entreats God on her behalf and she conceives his children Jacob and Esau, twins whose struggle begins even in the womb.  Isaac is set up to follow his father, and to become the Patriarch of the next generation – a man who speaks to God and is heard by God, who is the head of a large household and the father of sons. One would expect now that the stories of this new Patriarch would take us further into our history, give us new aspects to consider.  And this does happen, but in a somewhat unusual fashion.

Following the birth of the children and the parental choices that will forever mark the relationship of Esau and Jacob, Isaac and Rebecca go on to repeat the journey taken by Abraham and Sarah. They go to escape the effects of famine just as Abraham and Sarah did, but theirs is not simply a physical journey – by virtue of the repetition something extra happens and defines the process by which Isaac becomes himself.   Isaac and Rebecca have almost the exact same experience in the same city of Gerar as did his parents, Abraham and Sarah, and its effect creates something quite new.

The famine is described to us as being a famine Bilvad hara’av harishon asher haya bimei Avraham – not the same famine as before, that happened in the days of Abraham, so we are already conscious once more of the journey that Abraham took in his response to the famine. On this journey however, God appears and warns Isaac not to leave the land, not to follow his father’s example and go to Egypt.

          Isaac goes to Abimelech, the king of the philistines, in Gerar, according to tradition the very same Abimelech that Abraham and Sarah encountered all those years before.  There he tells king Abimelech that Rebecca is his sister and not his wife, just as Abraham had done with Sarah in Genesis, chapter 20. Of course this caused problems in both cases as the king was taken with  first Sarah and later Rebecca. Abimelech is very upset when he discovers that these women are none other than wives, not sisters. Can this really be the same king? one would have thought would have learned his lesson! But that is exactly what this week’s parasha is about. Lessons learned and lessons not learned; encountering the same thing again and again, and responding to it differently or not.

We see this story as a slightly weak repetition of the Abraham stories, and might be led into thinking of Isaac as somehow a weak and uncreative man. He is indeed often described as being the middle link, the son of a famous father and father of a famous son who himself has no claim to fame except as the link between the two. But we can look at this story in yet another way. We might see that Isaac, as patriarch of the next generation, must first walk in the footsteps of his father in order to make his journey grounded. He has to plumb the depths of his father’s experiences in order to move on and to make meaning for himself and his family, develop the traditions of his growing tribe. When confronted with similar moments in time, the choices that Isaac will make will not only shape him but shape generations to come. He has lessons to learn. Will Isaac learn from these lessons? Will he miss them and miss how they relate to incidents in his own life? And how will we, the readers, know?

Though Isaac may once have fled from a father he may have feared, (after the Akedah on the mountain top Isaac is not mentioned as returning with is father and we later see him come together with Ishmael to bury Abraham – neither of them seem to have had an adult experience with Abraham the patriarch), he now meets him in a different way, by re-living similar experiences.

We learn about our ancestors when we have to grapple with similar decisions and incidents. We gain valuable insights into who they were and their character. What we could not understand as children or earlier in our lives, we understand differently when placed in similar situations. It is often only when we become parents that we understand better the feelings our parents must have had toward us. Only when we have to bury a parent or care for a sick spouse that we truly understand what an earlier generation must have gone through.

This repetition of the story of Abimelech and the wives/sisters is a vital requirement for Isaac if he is to grow into being his own person, no longer overshadowed by his father.  By reliving some of the major events in the story of his father’s life, he will have to respond to many similar choices.

Isaac was almost sacrificed on the altar by his father in response to the command of God. His father apparently was fulfilling a divine call. Isaac will do the same to his son Esau when he gives Jacob the blessing even as he senses that Jacob is masquerading as Esau. And though Isaac won’t literally hold a knife over Esau’s head, he will sacrifice him and his future in a different way. Sometimes we repeat our parent’s mistakes; sometimes we are able to amend them. Sometimes we repeat our own mistakes, sometimes we are able to learn from them.

          The sedra concludes with Rebecca helping Jacob to receive the blessing by apparently deceiving the blind and dying Isaac. It is never clear quite whether she does so because she remembers the divine prophecy about the older child serving the younger when her pregnancy was so painful she too enquired of God; it is never clear if this prophecy was the reason she so favoured her son Jacob over her son Esau. But it is clear that she will act to achieve the succession for her favoured younger son Jacob, just as her mother in law Sarah acted in order to achieve the succession for her child, Abraham’s younger son Isaac.

With the help of the manipulation and skills of his mother, by the end of the sidra the focus is on Jacob, who has received the blessing of the heir from his father. Esau returns from his mission to get something special for his dying father and cries out in terrible pain “Have you but one blessing, Father? Bless me too Father (27:36).  He receives a blessing from his father which is perhaps more than Ishmael ever did, but not the blessing he so craved.

When we look at these stories of Isaac acting out the life of his more colourful and confident and arrogant father we see that Isaac does indeed walk in his father’s footsteps, and not only as a pale shadow. We see that Isaac was his father’s son, able to understand more about his father than perhaps he realized, able to repair some of the mistakes at least a little.

As we read his story in Toledot, maybe it will cause us to reflect a bit about ourselves, for perhaps all of us walk in our parents’ footsteps more than we would like to acknowledge, and maybe we have a chance to repair some of the damage done, rather than pass it on to the next generation.

Chayei Sarah – the lives of Sarah the matriarch

“V’hayu chayei Sara meah shanah vesrim shana v’sheva shanim, shenei hayei Sarah. Vatamot Sarah b’kiryat arbah hi Hevron b’eretz Canaan, v’yavo Avraham lispod l’sarah v’livkotah. Vayakom Avraham me’al pnei meito”

And the life of Sarah was a hundred years and twenty years and seven years; these were the years of the life of Sarah.  And Sarah died in Kiriat-arba–the same is Hebron–in the land of Canaan; and Abraham came to eulogise Sarah, and to weep for her. And Abraham rose up from before his dead, and spoke unto the children of Het”

Sarah, the first Jewish matriarch, is last seen in bible having given birth to Isaac through a divine intervention when both she is in her nineties and Abraham is a hundred. We see Isaac named – unusually – by his father, and circumcised at the age of 8 days old, as required by God. We hear Sarah say: ‘God has made me a laughing stock; every one that hears will laugh on account of me.’  And then: ‘Who would have said to Abraham, that Sarah should be able to feed a child? For I have borne him a son in his old age.’ And then on the day Isaac celebrates his weaning feast, Sarah, seeing Ishmael (the son born to Abraham through her own intervention in offering her Egyptian maid Hagar to him, in order to provide a child for Abraham so that God’s promise is fulfilled), recognised the threat Ishmael poses to his younger half brother, and tells Abraham’ Cast out this bondwoman and her son; for the son of this bondwoman shall not be heir with my son, even with Isaac.’   Abraham is upset but does not speak to Sarah – instead he goes to God who tells him “Let it not be grievous in your sight because of the lad, and because of your bondwoman; in all that Sarah says to you listen to her voice; for through Isaac shall your descendants be called.”

After that, we never hear the voice of Sarah again. Instead we have the two terrible stories of Abraham sending off his older son Ishmael into the wilderness to what he must believe is likely death, and then taking his second son Isaac up a mountain, to what he must again believe is likely death. And then we have a genealogical list which takes us to Rebecca the daughter of Betuel the nephew of Abraham through his brother Nahor.  The next thing we hear is that Sarah is dead, that she has been living not at Beer Sheva with her husband but in Hevron, and that Abraham comes to eulogise her and to weep for her, before getting on with the practicalities of arranging a funeral.

            What happens to Sarah in between her arranging for the removal of Ishmael, the person she saw as a threat to the wellbeing of Isaac her son, and the death as reported in bible?  Where is the voice of the woman who has been a powerful presence up till now, a formidable partner for Abraham, a true incarnation of what the bible calls the ‘ezer k’negdo’ – a help who is equal and powerfully separate from her husband?  Was Sarah’s death somehow related to what nearly happened to Isaac? And was that related to the choice she forced on to Abraham to remove a much beloved son from his household?  Had she already removed herself from the household when Abraham went to offer Isaac on a mountain top?

We do know that Sarah is not herself party to what turns out to be the most important decision of her life. Abraham does not discuss with her the test he sees God as having set him. There is indeed a huge irony working in that once Abraham is told “in all that Sarah says to you, listen to her voice”, we never hear her voice again.  But what does her silence tell us? And what can we learn from the powerful absence we feel?

Sarah’s death is told us in the context of her life – indeed the Hebrew tells us clearly that her life was full and complex – the literal translation of the first verse would be “and the lives of Sarah were a hundred years, and twenty years and seven years, these are the years of the lives of Sarah.” And Jewish tradition takes from this the learning that a full life is made up of a number of separate strands, all of equal value though not all of equal length. So one might read this description as being that most of her adult life was as a barren woman, wife to a man who had been promised descendants. She then had a shorter period as a mother, and another short period living separately from her child.  Each of these lives helped to define her, each was a fully experienced era, and the fact they were of unequal length is irrelevant in terms of the value of each life she lived.

Sarah was clearly a formidable woman. Any view that women in the bible were somehow simply adjuncts to their menfolk cannot be sustained in the face of any of our matriarchs, but it is Sarah who sets the pattern.  She is named as an equal figure in the story of the travelling from Ur of the Chaldees with her husband – and from this text Sarah emerges in the Talmud and Midrash as an equal partner with her husband in God’s work, and a prophetess in her own right. She is described as someone who worked alongside Abraham to build up his wealth and “acquire souls” in Haran, where they stopped off before going to Canaan (Gen 12:5). She is the woman who intervened in order to bring what she thought was God’s promise to fulfilment – When she cannot have children, Sarah takes the initiative and gives her maid-servant, Hagar, to Abraham so that he can have children through Hagar on Sarah’s behalf. She is the woman who is taken – apparantly willingly – into the households of both Pharaoh and Abimelech in order to protect her husband, and then quickly released again untouched, and with compensatory wealth. Sarah acts independently on a number of occasions, taking the initiative to decide the future of her family, even against her husband’s wishes.

The modern scholar Tikvah Frymer-Kensky argues that although the Bible portrays a patriarchal social structure, it has a gender-neutral ideology.  The women in the Bible may be socially subordinate but not essentially inferior; they have strong, independent personalities, and they often act to guide the course of events.  So when Sarah gives Hagar to Abraham she is keeping ancient Near Eastern tradition. We have evidence of three ancient Near Eastern marriage contracts stating that if the wife remains barren after a specified number of years, she gives her husband her slave to have children on her behalf.  On her behalf note, not simply for him.

Another scholar Carol Meyers applied insights from sociology, anthropology, and archaeology to reconstruct the ordinary women’s place within Israelite society in various periods of biblical history. She argues that when agricultural work and childbearing, two spheres in which women played an active role, were central to biblical society, social and religious life in ancient Israel was relatively egalitarian. Only when the political state and the monarchy emerged, and religious life was institutionalized in the Temple cult and priestly bureaucracy (beginning in the tenth century B.C.E.), were women increasingly excluded from the public arena and lost access to communal authority.  Sarah then is from a period when women were able to be active in society and in determining how the family should operate, and we can see forcefully how she does this in a number of stories about her.

But however powerful she was in the prime of her life, in old age and with the added vulnerability of parenthood, Sarah found herself less able to voice her ideas.  With the birth of Isaac she gained a new role and meaning for herself, but she also became more aware of her own mortality and vulnerability.  So when God tests Abraham, seeming to require him to take the so beloved child of Abraham and Sarah and offer him on a mountain top. Is Sarah’s absence because she knows that this is happening and cannot stop it? Oris it a result of her shame at the treatment of Ishmael and desire to move away. Or is it something different – to do maybe with having now become a parent she no longer has the relationship with Abraham she once did. From being a tight unit they are now a family of three and having to adjust to the demands of another person in the relationship.

We cannot know what causes Sarah’s voice to fall quiet in the text. Whether it is protection of her that she does not have to be party to this most horrible test of faith or punishment for what happened to Ishmael. But what we can know is that in this final life of the lives of Sarah, she has struck out alone and left her husband behind. She is, once more a woman of strength, no appendage to her husband but living alone and with some status in Hebron.

When the last of Sarah’ lives are over and Abraham hears of her death, he comes to Hebron in order to fulfil the requirements of family and religion. And it is interesting what he does and the order in which he does them. He first come ‘lispod’ then liv’kotah and finally to buy a burial place and perform the funerary rites.

The first thing he does is “lispod” to give a Hesped – in effect a eulogy. He tells the stories of Sarah, who she was, what she did, how she lived her life in its many parts.

Only then does he mourn her through his weeping – livkotah. And then he gets up from before her dead body and takes on the practicalities of the living – to make a funeral for her, to perform the rites of burying the dead and then to go back into life. I can’t help wondering as I read this chapter whether the very first verse is indeed the hesped – that Abraham actually said “these are the lives of Sarah, who lived a hundred years and twenty years and seven years – three different and distinct lives all of which should be honoured, and which may have been of different lengths but are most certainly of equal and complete value.”

Vayera – we may not see the full picture, but that doesn’t mean we should not act on what we see.

Parashat Vayera is packed with stories, a veritable smorgasbord of the founding myths of Judaism. Within it there is the story of Abraham and Sarah, now very elderly, still wondering exactly how the promise of God’s covenant with them is going to work out. The heir designate Lot had separated from them after a struggle over wealth and space with Abraham and his herdsmen, even though he had been with their household since the whole family were still in Ur Kasdim, after the death of his own father and the brother of Abram – Haran.

Sarah has organised for Ishmael to be born to Abraham via a surrogate, Hagar, but clearly that relationship is not one of ease and joy and it is not certain that Ishmael will indeed be the inheritor of the particular Abrahamic covenant. Now, Abraham having circumcised himself and his son Ishmael at the end of the sidra last week, we have the story of the mysterious visitors to Abraham and Sarah, and this elderly couple being told they will have a child within the year. Sarah in particular is clear that this prophecy is ridiculous – she is post menopausal and Abraham 99 years old. However Isaac IS born in this sidra, and then we have the story of the jealousy and anxiety of Sarah who tries to protect her son Isaac from the previous presumptive heir Ishmael. We have the story of Hagar and Ishmael being sent away to fend for themselves. We have the story of Sodom and Gomorrah being destroyed after the bartering of Abraham for the city to be saved does not go low enough for God to have to save it.  And we have the story of the binding of Isaac and the grim reality that the relationship between father and son is broken forever.

So many stories, so many themes and threads.  The most important maybe is the creating of the links in order to allow continuation of the covenant; then there is the theme of the treatment of women – Abraham using Sarah as a shield once again to save his own life, and claiming that she is his sister rather than his wife.  And Hagar, used to supply a child and then once that child is seen as unwanted and maybe even a threat, sent off to probable death in the wilderness.  And finally the women surrounding Lot, in particular his two unmarried daughters who are offered to the angry mob at door of the family home, in place of the visitors who have come to his house. Lot seems prepared to sacrifice his children, as of course Abraham appears to be prepared to do in relation to both his sons.

All these themes and threads fill the sidra, but there is one theme that we find resonates in modern life more than most.

Vayera also deals with challenging authority — not just authority in general, but the ultimate authority – that of God. And it also deals with what happens when authority is NOT challenged, when people just go along with what is happening.

The most famous example of the challenge to authority is the bartering that Abraham engages with God, who, when God decided he should include Abraham in his plans to destroy the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah since Abraham is designated the one in whom all the nations of the earth shall be blessed, is appalled that the “innocent would be swept away with the wicked” and asks “shall not the Judge of all the earth do justly?”

Much is made of Abraham’s challenging God’s authority, negotiating from 50 righteous people, five at a time, until he gets down to ten – a minyan – and God seems to quickly retreat at this point. Abraham, who has so much to lose if he loses God’s favour, still stands up for his values – justice and mercy, righteousness and decency. We model ourselves on his willingness to take on even the divine creator, seeing ourselves as Abraham’s descendants, who are willing to make a stand for morality, no matter who is the adversary.  We do not see ourselves as people who submit thoughtlessly, but who need to have reason and rationale in order to follow a particular ruling or expectation. Faith without reason or understanding is not a stable Jewish position, even if we are willing to take on something as a matter of faith ab initio – famously we quote the descendants of Abraham at Sinai – na’aseh v’nishma – we will do it, and then we will gain understanding.

We also find Abraham challenging Sarah’s imperative that he must get rid of Hagar and Ishmael – that they cannot be allowed to be near her son as he grows up. Abraham here does not challenge Sarah, but he does go and challenge her demand to God. And God’s answer is clear. What Sarah tells him to do, he must do. And so, without further ado, though clearly with a heavy heart, Abraham gets up early in the morning, gives Hagar and Ishmael provisions, and sends them into the wilderness with no clear destination.

And so we slide into the time when Abraham offers no challenge to authority at all – when God tells him to take his son, his only son, the one he loves, and offer him on a mountain some days journey away.  The Akedah can be read as either seeing Abraham as being a lonely man of total faith, upon whose full obedience to even the most dreadful demands of God we see ourselves provided with a powerful role model and also the zechut, the reward, of the religious Jew. Or else we can read it as a terrible failure of Abraham to challenge the divinity that looks to him to provide a balance in the relationship between Creator and created – a man who having started out challenging God on behalf of the moral imperative of protecting the vulnerable and innocent, whoever they may be – somehow lost his nerve when it came to protecting his own son, after his protest on behalf of Ishmael was brushed aside.

We see other instances here in this sidra about people not challenging the prevailing authority. Hagar for instance is not recorded as protesting at all at her treatment, though one could read through the text in order to hear her protest to God. Ishmael is not recorded as protesting his treatment, though God – as predicted by his name – in fact hears the boy.  Lot does not seem to protest at either the appalling behaviour of the mob when they find he has guests in his house – indeed he panders to them by offering his unmarried daughters to placate them. And he does not protest when his wife challenges the authority by looking back at the city where they have left their older children and is turned into a pillar of salt. Lot takes his lack of protest even further by abdicating from responsibility at all – he simply gets so drunk he is unaware of the rather unorthodox actions of his younger daughters in order to repopulate the world, and seems unaware too of the people who are the results of these drunken encounters.  Only Isaac shows some desire to challenge when, walking up the mountain with firewood and knife, he asks his father about the whereabouts of the sacrifice they will presumably be making. The answer he gets – “God will provide, my son”, is ambiguous but also unanswerable. How is the young boy going to challenge his father’s apparently certain faith?  One feels for the boy whose question could have provided his father with a platform for dissidence against an unfair test, but instead is used to close down just such an activity.

With the hugely powerful example of Abraham arguing with God, not just once but repeatedly, and God gently ceding to Abraham’s argument, why then do we have so many other examples of either half hearted or simply non existent challenge to authority?  Is bible warning us that it may feel too hard to challenge? or is it reminding us that even Abraham fell prey to the uncertainty and self doubt that can undermine us all?  Is it warning us what happens if we do not challenge unfair dictats from those in authority, having reminded us that such a challenge is actually welcomed by God?

What we know is that all those who do not take it upon themselves to challenge immoral and unacceptable behaviours do not ultimately profit. Sarah, having disposed of Hagar’s son, finds her own son in the firing line. Lot offering his daughters to a mob ends up in an incestuous union with them, bringing about the historic enemies of Israel, Moab and Ammonites.  Abraham, not challenging God about Isaac, never speaks to either of them again. Isaac, having half-tried, remains somehow personally maimed in his own confidence and leadership skills.

The word “Vayera” with which the sedra begins means “And he appeared” – We are told clearly that God appeared to Abraham, though immediately we look through Abraham’s eyes and we see not God, but three strangers visiting.  Appearances may be deceptive, may not be the full picture. But they are all we have, and we must respond to them.  The truth may be more complex than we see, but that is no excuse to plead ignorance and to not react.

In our world we see only a partial view, yet even that must be responded to with immediacy rather than delay. We see great deal that is immoral, that is improper, that is unacceptable. Vulnerable people of all kinds are taken advantage of or left to survive without proper resources.  Our environment is plundered and damaged. Racism is on the march once more, xenophobia is evolving a new framework and vocabulary. 

We must act whole-heartedly to challenge the abuses of power that we can see. and stand up and challenge them however frightening that may feel, or however we might undermine ourselves with the sense that we can’t know the whole story, that we should wait for some imagined clarity to explain what we see. Then maybe we too will become part of the narrative for good, fighting for the moral virtues of justice and righteousness, of mercy and compassion. And the one thing we know is that God, when challenged, responds positively. There is nothing to wait for, as Hillel said, “if not now, when?”

Lech Lecha – the covenants of peoplehood and land

After giving a talk at a Muslim interfaith forum, entitled “One God, one humanity, many religions” I was asked after it by a group of interested young Muslim men – What makes the Jews Jewish?  Christianity they understood, Islam they understood, but Judaism – what makes Jews Jewish?

What gives us our special identity and our difference is the way we see our relationship with God, the understanding we have of being in a relationship of Covenant. The contract/covenant we have with God is unbreakable, however many times we don’t keep to the rules, however many times we transgress. The covenant we have with God is always there, it is inescapable, it defines us and creates the parameters of our religious identity. We know of it, we live with it day in and day out, but I don’t think that any of us can say that we really understand it.

The bible contains within its narrative many different sorts of covenant. Already there has been a covenant with Noach, and one with all of humanity – defined through the sign of the rainbow. This sidra, Lech lecha, sets the scene for some of the specifically Jewish ones. Brit milah, the covenant of circumcision and more puzzlingly the “Brit bein habetarim” the covenant of the pieces.

God appeared to Abraham seven times in his career, and put him to the test, made demands, held our promises and endowed him with the blessings of land and of descendants. The fourth appearance, the middle one of the revelations, was different from those that came before and those that followed it – it came in the form of a vision.

This vision begins with God telling Avram not to fear, that God will be his shield, that he will ultimately have a great reward – but immediately we are into a problem – what is it that God thinks that Avram fears?

Only AFTER the divine reassurance does Avram speak, asking what of worth could God possibly give him, seeing that he has no child of his own to be his heir. His question is answered – his descendants will be as numerous as the stars of heaven. God is the redeeming God who has brought him out, who will give him a new land to inherit. But Avram has another question – “how will I KNOW that I will inherit it?”

Maybe this second question is too much for God – although that statement may itself be a heresy. Whatever the reason for it, we are suddenly plunged into a difficult and obscure text. We don’t even know if the vision is the framework, or if Avram is operating in the physical world when, under divine instruction, he takes a three year old heifer, a three year old she-goat and a three year old ram, and two birds – a turtle dove and a young pigeon, and apparently slaughters all the animals, dividing each of the three animals in half, laying each half over against the other, and when the birds of prey come as they naturally would, Avram drives them away. What is the symbolism of three? Three animals, each three years old?  And of the six parts as each of the three is halved? And what of the two, the birds who are untouched?

The vision deepens into a tardema– the kind of magical sleep that happened to Adam in the Garden of Eden during which Eve was created. And for a second time Avram hears the promise that he will be a father of a great nation, and also that the nation will know suffering, although not in his own lifetime. And then the covenant is ratified as a smoking furnace and a flaming torch, symbols we can only assume of the presence of God, passed between the pieces.

We don’t see Avram wake up as we saw Adam awake and meet his companion. We don’t know how Avram interpreted his vision, who he told, how it altered him. We are left only with a description, a sense of deep symbolism, an awareness that while the human side of the covenant is still unclear, God is obligated by the event. Just as with the covenant with Noah God is obligated but nothing is demanded of humankind. The later covenants don’t work like this – the Brit is generally dependent on Israel’s faithfulness to God, but here in the early covenants with humankind the remarkable fact is that they are unconditional, they demonstrate entirely selfless love given by a God who is prepared to be faithful and unchanging when responding to humankind.

The true symbolism of the covenant of the pieces is lost in the mists of the past, although we can intuit a reasonable amount of understanding. The three sets of three – a magical number long before the existence of Christianity, denoting a special kind of wholeness. The birds of prey driven off symbolising the nations who would try to pre-empt or even destroy the covenant, being defeated by Avram. The other birds, symbols of liberation, of perfections, of the divine presence, who become invisible in the text. And the cutting into two and then passing through the pieces denotes the parties to the contract guaranteeing the wholeness of it. Dividing as a way of symbolising completion has been around for a long time – even today we cut a deal. Or cut a ribbon or smash a bottle or a glass, and circumcision too requires the action of cutting.

We have a contract with God. Unlike any other formulation of any other religion, ours is based unequivocally on this idea of covenant of mutual obligation. God is our God because we are God’s people – that is the bottom line. But just how do we understand that contract and how do we honour it?

Traditional Judaism is clear about this –the system of mitzvot which provides a framework for all we do and all we are, this is the content of the contract. By observing the mitzvot the commandments, we are honouring the metzaveh, the commander. Whether we understand or not, whether we get a spiritual feeling or not, whether we feel good about it or not, this is the way of the relationship forged with our ancestor Abraham, this is the obligation to which we are signed up

Progressive Judaism has a slightly harder time of it, for the idea of covenant remains, and the framework of acting within a system of mitzvot remains, but quite what the content is and how one squares the unconditional acceptance of the obligation with more rational and libertarian thinking is, to say the least, problematic. And as soon as one begins the questioning there is the fear that the questioning will take over, that the precious essence of the covenant will in some way be lost to us.

What one might call the covenant par excellence, Brit Mila – has been the object of much questioning recently. It seems to be as obscure in its way as the covenant of the pieces, for there is the quality of unreality about it, of vision. There is the cutting of the flesh and the exposure of vulnerability, the division symbolizing the wholeness, Brit Milah perfecting the child on whom it is done.

Why do we circumcise our baby boys, and what symbolism does it hold for us? We do so at one level because it is a mitzvah, it is commanded of us by God, it symbolises brining that child into the covenant. Of course any Jewish boy remains Jewish even if Milah doesn’t take place, but somehow the ceremony is seen as essential in denoting the identity of the male Jew. Throughout history Jews have risked death to circumcise their sons, throughout history it has remained an act of pride, sometimes of defiance, always of inner if not outer freedom. We circumcise our sons to mark their bodies indelibly with this sign of our ancient covenant. Whatever we think it to be, deep down is that sense of unconditional obligation, of God being our God if we are God’s people.

The covenant is the framework for religious identity, forming the inner core and the outer parameter of Judaism. In an increasingly rational and libertarian world we need to understand the nature of covenant, to orient ourselves within it as best we can, and to teach its meaning to our children.

When God created two different covenants with Abraham, one to do with descendants the other with land, the model was set for all time – people and land, Jewish people and Jewish land. What each was to become was left unclear, but that both are necessary and each needs the other is certain to us.

So what is the meaning of the Jewish people and of a Jewish land? We are in a time of enormous uncertainty, of wildly differing opinions.  I offer my own thoughts now – the Jewish people are neither more special nor more talented than any other, what we have is an attachment to being God’s people, by which we mean we try to bring God more closely into the world through what we do. Listening to the different voices from different traditions earlier this week, that idea is not unique to us, but what is unique is our covenantal relationship that both binds us and frees us to relate in our own way to God, safe in our chutzpadik challenges towards God that God will not ever abandon us for good.

And our land is where we are supposed to bring God’s presence most potently, a place where God’s eyes are always watching, a place close to God’s heart.  I grieve for how little we are fulfilling our role there at the moment, I despair when I see the values and teachings of our religion traduced or ignored.

Abraham is told lech lecha, to go – but where? The Hebrew is obscure. Is it to go to a different physical place or to go into himself and draw from himself his essential humanity?  He is told to be a blessing. And this is our ultimate purpose, to understand that all humanity is under the special care of God, all humanity is equal in God’s eyes; to use this understanding to bring about blessing in the world.

Right now I fear that we are not doing our job well. The two contracts of peoplehood and land are both under threat from our own actions. But the imperative to go out and be a blessing, that still feels true and possible. And that must be our task – to speak out, to go that extra distance, and create blessing in our world.

Noach – A world washed away and the consequences of our actions and inaction.

The stories in Noah are mostly well known. That society descended into a state of anarchy and utter corruption, and only Noah remained righteous and faithful to God’s ways. God warned Noah of a flood soon to destroy all of civilization, and only he and his immediate family would survive in a ark that he was to build. Noah was commanded to take seven pairs of each species of kosher animals and birds, and one pair of all other species. They all boarded the ark and the flood began with torrential rains lasted for forty days and nights. The waters covered even the highest mountains, killing all humans and animals; everything died except the occupants of the ark. After the waters raged on the earth another 150 days, God caused the waters to subside. The ark eventually rested on Mt Ararat, and Noah opened the window and dispatched birds to see whether it was time to leave the ark. First he sent a raven, which just circled the ark. He then sent out a dove. On its second attempt the dove went and did not return, signalling that the earth was once again habitable.

Noah built an altar and offered sacrifices. God blessed Noah and his sons and told them that he is establishing a covenant to never again bring a flood to destroy the world and the rainbow was the sign of this covenant: 

What is less well known is what happened next. Noah planted a vineyard, made wine, became drunk and fell into a deep drunken slumber — while naked. Noah’s son, Ham, saw his father naked, did not cover him but informed his two brothers of their father’s state. The brothers, Shem and Japheth approached their father and covered him. When Noah awoke. he cursed Cham’s son, Canaan, and blessed Shem and Japheth. This section then names Noah’s seventy grandsons and great-grandsons, the antecedents of the “seventy nations,” and their adopted homelands.

Then we have another familiar story –that of the Tower of Babel. Noah’s descendents gathered in the Babylonian valley and started building a tower, in an attempt to reach the heavens. God disrupted them by causing them each to speak a different language, thus destroying their communications. This caused them to disperse and settle in different lands. The Torah then lists the ten generations of Shem’s descendents. The tenth generation is Abram (later to be known as Abraham), who married Sarai (later to be known as Sarah).

Utterly familiar stories which we can even see in our mind’s eye – all those nursery illustrations of arks with giraffes reaching out, and rainbows enveloping them. The crazy ziggurat tower of Babel, with people climbing up with bricks. But truthfully these are not cosy bedtime stories at all; they are terrifying narratives which attempt to give meaning to cold hard truths.

The clue is in the story that is less well known. How Noah built a vineyard, made wine and stupefied himself with it so that he exposed himself in his tent, causing one son to see and tell, the other two to carefully cover him without themselves looking at their father in such a humiliating and vulnerable state.

There is a Midrash that is telling about this post diluvian Noah.

“When Noah came out of the ark, he opened his eyes and saw the whole world completely destroyed. He began crying for the world and said, God, how could you have done this? … God replied, Oh Noah, how different you are from the way Abraham … will be. He will argue with me on behalf of Sodom and Gomorrah when I tell him that I plan their destruction… But you, Noah, when I told you I would destroy the entire world, I lingered and delayed, so that you would speak on behalf of the world. But when you knew you would be safe in the ark, the evil of the world did not touch you. You thought of no one but your family. And now you complain? Then Noah knew that he had sinned” (Midrash Tanchuma, Parashat Noach).

Noah is introduced to us right at the beginning of the story as “a righteous man in his generation”, and quite rightly the rabbis do not see this as a great compliment. The qualifying phrase “in his generation” makes it clear that his righteousness is relative rather than absolute. So this just about good-enough man is enabled to survive in order to begin the world afresh. But as starts to face the future, he realises all that he had not done, that his selfishness and narrow vision had allowed the great destruction to happen, that it didn’t have to be like this.

Noah, facing the new world, cannot actually face the past and his part in it, nor really can he move on into the future. He just gets stupefyingly, paralytically drunk, and his sons are forced to deal with the consequences. The younger one does not know what to do – Midrash suggests that he actually assaults his naked father as he lies dead to the world – but at the very least he does nothing;  the older ones treat him with more respect, but reading the text one has the feeling that they simply cannot bear to see their father lying there, seeing what he has become. By covering him they are also trying to cover up everything that Noah has symbolises – his passivity, his refusal to engage with the situation God tells him of, his lack of compassion for other living beings, his lack of any timely compassion at all and his inability to deal with the consequences of his own inaction.

Upon waking, Noah curses Canaan, the child of the younger son, and blesses God on behalf of the other two, giving them an approximation of a blessing. 

Why? Why curse Canaan, the child of Ham who saw him naked? Why not Ham himself? Noah is passing the pain down the generations, to those who are neither present nor responsible for the destruction. His own drunken misery becomes a curse for some of his descendants.

The truth that Noah doesn’t want to face is that he is in a new world now. A world washed clean of the violence and horror of the past, but also washed away – its resources, its people, and its structures all gone. This is no longer the world of miraculous creation, when God walked among the people in the Garden, and oversaw the perfection of the world. We are now in a world that Nechama Leibowitz described as ‘post miraculous’ a world where suddenly there are obligations – the seven mitzvot of the b’nei Noah are given here, … “It was in this renewed world — the world destined to be our world and not in the earlier, miraculous world — that saw the opening of the gate to the conflict between the values of  tikkun olam (perfection of the world) and Humanity .Avraham, who appears at the end of Parashat Noach is the person who takes upon himself the mission of perfecting the world as Kingdom of God, rather than taking the world for granted as Noach had done”

Noach took the world for granted. When warned by God of what was to happen, he took that for granted too. And when the worst had happened and the world was washed away leaving Noah and his family to begin it once again, he failed to do what was necessary, and it took another ten generations – till that of Abraham, for the relationship between God and human beings to flower once more.

It is interesting to me that this parashah began with the phrase, “These are the descendants of Noah,” yet does not go on to list any people, but rather begins a discussion of Noah’s attributes. One commentator suggests that this teaches us that what a person “leaves behind” in the world is not only children, but also the effects of their deeds.

Noah left behind both of course – everyone in the world is a descendant of this man if the flood story is to be believed, and so everyone is obligated to the mitzvot of b’nei Noach. But he also left behind the effect of his behaviours, deeds both committed and omitted.

Noah did not help to perfect the world. He allowed it to be washed away.  He didn’t appreciate the value of the world at all, focussing only on his own family and his own needs. Only after it was gone was he able to understand what was lost, and even then he was not able to deal with this loss. He curses a part of his family into perpetuity, his descendants go on to build the Tower of Babel in order to in some way find a purpose and meaning in their continued existence, and maybe also to challenge the divine using their newly created technology. So they too are forced to confront catastrophe as they are scattered across the world and left unable to communicate with each other. It takes ten generations, with the emergence of Avraham, for the world to begin to heal itself.

Like Noah we too are facing a time when the world seems to be set on a pathway to destruction: climate change, global heating, over fishing, the rainforest which once covered 14% of the earth’s surface now covers less than 6%, with all the consequences of loss of species that involves, years long droughts and famines.  We can see the warnings of destruction, we know the consequences of what is happening now, yet somehow we walk about in a dream, neither warning each other nor challenging what is happening. We spend our time trying to ensure only that we and our families can be safe, that our houses are weatherproofed, that our pantries are stocked. We are behaving no differently than Noah. And if we give it some thought and project our ideas into the near future, we can see than those who survive this environmental tumult will not have the resources to cope.

It is our job to take the story of Noah seriously – not as a good enough man who was saved from cataclysm because he did what God said without question, but as a man who was at least righteous in his generation, someone who hadn’t completely surrendered to the corruption and destructive activities around him. And we should see the consequences of his inactions too – that the world he allowed his children to inherit was damaged and fragile and took generations to heal.

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Sermon Kol Nidrei Lev Chadash 2025

In the daily Amidah and also many times during the Yamim Noraim, we recite a prayer:

Shema koleinu Adonai eloheinu, chus verachem aleinu, vekabel berachamim uvratzon et tefilateinu שמע קולינו יהוה אלוהינו, חוס ורחם עלינו, וקבל ברחמים וברצון את תפילתינו. 

Hear our voice, O Eternal our God; spare us and have mercy upon us, and accept our prayers in mercy and favour.  

It is based on a passage in the book of Psalms (65) where we call God the “shomei’ah tefillah” – the one who hears prayers.

Yet this psalm begins with a phrase that is hard to understand and so is often mistranslated:

 לְךָ֤ דֻֽמִיָּ֬ה תְהִלָּ֓ה אֱלֹ֘הִ֥ים בְּצִיּ֑וֹן וּ֝לְךָ֗ יְשֻׁלַּם־נֶֽדֶר׃

“To You, silence is praise, God in Zion, and to you vows are paid”

Followed by the verse which informs our prayer                שֹׁמֵ֥עַ תְּפִלָּ֑ה עָ֝דֶ֗יךָ כׇּל־בָּשָׂ֥ר יָבֹֽאוּ׃

“Hearer of prayer, all human beings come to you”

The psalmist begins with silent praise, and with the completion of vows made to God, and only then says that God is the one who hears prayer – the prayers of all human beings.

The Talmud tells us that “Devarim she’balev einam Devarim” – words not formed out loud are not halachically valid – in the case of promises, just having an intention is not enough. (Kiddushin 49b) – and yet the psalmist understands – the feelings in our hearts, the ideas in our minds – these too form part of our connection to God.  We do not HAVE to verbalise them for God to hear them.

We Jews are – par excellence – a people who exist within words. We have always relied on them to make sense of what is happening to us, to communicate with others, to create and to transmit meaning. We read our texts and examine every letter, every word, to draw meaning in every generation. We protect the language of those texts, turning the object that holds the narrative into a holy item, a sefer torah.  From the moment Moses tells the Children of Israel to write his words into a sefer that will travel with them for all time, we are bound to the integrity and extraordinary elasticity of the Hebrew language.

Two of the most frequent verbs in torah are  “Amar” and “Diber” – to say and to speak.   Between them they appear almost seven thousand times in Tanakh – far outstripping any other verbal root. We are the people of the book. Words are our currency. Just as God brought the universe into being through the power of speech, so do we create meaning and develop understanding through words.

Yet since 7th October 2023, we find ourselves heartbroken and lost. The phrase that is most often heard in Israel and in Jewish communities is  “Ein milim – there are no words”.

 It feels like there is no vocabulary for what we have experienced and what we continue to live through.  The medium that has sustained us and provided for us – language – has suddenly shattered and we are left feeling adrift and powerless in a hostile environment.

Unable to use words to describe or to make sense of our reality, we are like Noah – famously silent in the face of the destruction of the world by flood. Or like Aaron who was silenced by his grief when two of his sons died after having offered strange fire before God. We are overwhelmed, voiceless, unable to know what we can possibly say or do to make sense of what is happening, or to be able to act in order to change it.

In the book of Psalms there are many pleas for God to hear our prayer, to listen to us and to act.  And there are even more petitions that God not be silent but that God responds to us. It is a regular theme, the lack of words between us and God and the ensuing fear of abandonment.

But silence does not have to be a negative thing. Silence can express our feelings even beyond the ability of words to do so.

In Pirkei d’Rav Eliezer, a medieval midrashic text, we read that “The voices of five objects of creation go from one end of the world to the other, and their voices are inaudible. When people cut down the wood of a fruit tree, its cry goes from one end of the world to the other, and the voice is inaudible. When the serpent sloughs its skin, its cry goes from one end of the world to the other, and its voice is not heard. When a woman is divorced from her husband, her cry goes from one end of the world of the world to the other, but the voice is inaudible, when the infant comes out from the mother’s womb and when the soul departs from the body, the cry goes forth from one end of the world to the other, and the voice is not heard.” Pirkei d’Rabbi Eliezer 34:4

The midrash is describing moments of existential trauma – and the accompanying sound of the inaudible voice.  

The sound of silence reverberates through Jewish tradition. Possibly the most well known is the story of Elijah and his encounter with God.

“There was a great and mighty wind, splitting mountains and shattering rocks by the power of the Eternal; but the Eternal was not in the wind. After the wind—an earthquake; but the Eternal was not in the earthquake. After the earthquake—fire; but the Eternal was not in the fire. And after the fire—the voice of slender silence [kol d’mamah dakah].” (I Kings 19:11-12)

Kol d’mamah dakah.  When Elijah heard this, he wrapped his mantle about his face and went out and stood at the entrance of the cave. And behold a voice was with him and said to him: “Why are you here, Elijah?”

God here is a sound, or paradoxically we might say that God here is the silence within the sound. And somehow the communication is complete. With this one question, Elijah is comforted and challenged and given back his life’s meaning. Having fled Jezebel in fear for his life, having begged God to take his life, having reached the depths of despair and stayed in his cave alone and paralysed with sadness – it is the sound of the silent question that returns him to life.

After the seventh of October, we have no words. Like Elijah we are fearful and we are angry and we feel ourselves to be so very alone. It is almost as if we cannot begin to imagine a future, because imagining something usually requires language and we have no words. But while language may structure imagination and help us to communicate it to others, there is another, visceral, sensory, intuitive human faculty that allows us to imagine without words.   We can dream, perceive, feel, pray – all without words.

Elijah is reminded by God that ultimately the connection between us and God does not require words.  The overarching sound of Elul and of the Yamim Noraim is not all the words spoken in prayer, but the cry of the Shofar. It is a sound that takes us back to Mt Sinai, to our first meeting with God as a people, to the creation of a covenant that cannot be broken.

The word shofar itself comes from the root shin-peh-reish which has the basic meaning of “to be hollow”, though it has a secondary meaning of “beauty”.  Again, there is the curious and paradoxical connection here – instead of silence and communication, we have emptiness and beauty.  It seems that always in our tradition the idea of there being “nothing” is challenged and juxtaposed with the idea of there being “ something” that is very special. What seems to be silent is in fact full of communication, what seems to be empty turns out to be full – nowhere more clear than the wilderness in which the Jewish people were formed – Midbar – a word which connotes empty wilderness, and yet which is formed from the root “davar” which as a noun means “a thing” or “a word” and as a verb means “to speak”.

While we may feel ourselves to be empty and hollow, with no words with which to imagine a different future or to create a new idea, our tradition comes to remind us that we are not alone, not abandoned. As the psalmist writes, even silence is praise of God, and God hears even what we do not speak or even form into words.

While we are a people of words, living in a world which our tradition tells us was created by the speaking of God – “God said…. And there was….”  We are also a people of commandment, of covenant and of action.  While the verbs for speech are the most frequent in bible, the verbs “to be” and “to do, to make” are the next numerous in our texts.   In a world where words feel inadequate or wrong, we are still able to act in order to fulfil our purpose and meaning. Our actions at this time may indeed speak much louder than words ever could.

I’d like to conclude with a story by Loren Eiseley, (The star thrower, an essay published in 1969 in The Unexpected Universe)

One day a man was walking along the beach when he noticed a child picking something up and gently throwing it into the ocean. Approaching the child, he asked, “What are you doing?” The child replied, “Throwing starfish back into the ocean. The surf is up and the tide is going out. If I don’t throw them back, they’ll die.” “Child,” the man said, “don’t you realize there are miles and miles of beach and hundreds of starfish? You can’t make a difference!”

After listening politely, the child bent down, picked up another starfish, and threw it back into the surf. Then, smiling at the man, said…” I made a difference for that one.”

At the moment we may have few or no words. We may be hurting and filled with fear and pain and anger. We may feel less safe, and less certain of what the future will bring than ever before. But even so, we are Jews. We must bring our whole selves to living our lives. We will petition God to hear our prayers, blow the shofar to call both our attention and God’s attention. And each of us, in our own way, will find our way forward. We will find beauty in the emptiness, praise in the silence, and through our actions our voices will be heard.

rosh hashanah sermon – spiral recurring time or “we’ve been here before, what can we do differently with what we have learned”

Rosh Hashana Morning Lev Chadash 2025

We usually think of time as  the ancient Greeks first described it – that time is a linear progression –  that one moment leads to the next in an uninterrupted sequence. We live with this model in mind,  planning for the hours and days, the months and years ahead, measuring our progress in life as the years pass. Linear time is generally what we use to make sense of the world around us. The past is always behind us, unchangeable and fixed, the future is in front of us, unknown and unknowable. We live in an eternal present.

But the Jewish view of time is different.

For us time  is not linear.  We do not progress through our days in a straight line from the past, through the present, to the future. Even how we characterise time is different – the past is in front of us, because we can see it, the future is behind us, not yet revealing itself, and so, when Moses see’s God’s back we understand that he is seeing something about the relationship between the Jewish people and God that goes into the future.  It is not a denial of seeing the face of God, so much as the promise that God will stay with us.

Judaism also recognises an element of circularity, although unlike the Babylonians and Egyptians, Judaism does not see this as being only the repeated cycles of birth, death and renewal. Instead, Judaism does something that takes from both of these interpretations  of time. Judaism understands and creates time as a spiral. We may come back again and again to particular experiences, but each time we come back we are different. We have progressed within the circularity.

 This is the reason our prayerbooks for the festivals are known as machzorim – the name reminds us that we return to these festivals over and over again in our lives, the seasons pass and return. The festivals are the same – it is we who are different each time.  The very word “shanah”  has layers of meaning – “a year”,  “a repetition”, “a change”.

 As we travel through our days we see patterns repeat, as we replay the past.  At Pesach we – yet again – leave slavery in Egypt for an unknown future, travelling towards our ancestral land. At Shavuot we – yet again – encounter God and become a people of God at Sinai.  At Succot we relive the fragility of our temporal security, knowing that if there has not been rain and sunshine in their right seasons, we may not have the food we need to survive.

During the Yamim Noraim we put aside time to look at how we are living our lives. We examine ourselves to see whether we are living up to our values and the expectations for who we want to be. Each festival in this cycle is a milestone, a marker on our journey through life. Each is an opportunity. The secular world may have birthdays or new year resolutions, dates where we reflect on how we have lived so far and propose new or different behaviours, but the Jewish year has formalised these, bringing us back again and again to remember and inhabit our past, and to inform and impact our present.

Rabbi Eliyahu Dessler wrote that  “As we travel through time we return to key moments of the past and recapture the inherent spiritual energy. This is why Jewish holidays are referred to in Hebrew as “moadim” (meeting places).

And Rabbi Adin Steinsaltz wrote “Time is a process, in which past, present, and future are bound to each other, not only by cause and effect but also as a harmonization of two motions:  progress forward and a countermotion backward, encircling and returning.  It is more like a spiral, or a helix, rising up from Creation.  (From The Thirteen Petalled Rose).

Spiral time is not the same as circular time.  We don’t repeat the past.  At least we don’t repeat it exactly. Just as the root of the word “Shanah” means both to repeat and to change, we revisit it, but we are different, and so our experience is also different. Just as we spend a year reading the same Torah scroll, only to repeat it again in the following years, we find we read that text differently each time because we ourselves are different, so words or ideas or whole stories may jump out at us one year that never did before, because now we have something within us to resonate with them.

 I am perhaps overfond of the phrase “plus ça change, plus c’est la même chose”- the more that things change the more that they stay the same.  But I know too that it doesn’t exactly speak to the Jewish experience of change. Because while it feels like we find ourselves in situations  of vulnerability that our forebears would recognise,  Judaism adds in an extra ingredient to the repetition– that of hope, and of the human ability to create meaning. We never stop hoping that we might bring about real change in the world, continuing the perfection of creation.

The cynical may repeat Kohelet the preacher, said to be written by the great and wise King Solomon – מַה־שֶּׁהָיָה הוּא שֶׁיִּהְיֶה וּמַה־שֶּׁנַּעֲשָׂה הוּא שֶׁיֵּעָשֶׂה וְאֵין כׇּל־חָדָשׁ תַּחַת הַשָּׁמֶשׁ׃

Only that has happened can happen, only that which has been done can be done. There is nothing new beneath the sun!  But this somewhat pessimistic view of life is not the view of Rabbinic Judaism – for we have the idea of repair built into our very fabric, we yearn towards redemption. As Nachman of Bratzlav wrote – “if you believe you can damage, you must believe you can rebuild”. – and he went on to say “the whole world is a narrow bridge, the important thing is that you must not make yourself afraid”   In other words we have the power to create positive and meaningful change – just as long as we don’t despair and allow ourselves to give up the hope and the imagination to do so.

Right now we are at a point in the spiral that echoes some of the most painfilled and terrifying elements of Jewish history. All the values of the enlightenment and of modernity seem to have come crashing down, antisemitism is rising, Jews are fearful of being seen as such in the public space, and we are as divided a people as we have ever been, polarised in a way I fear may be davar chadash – a new thing – or certainly something not seen since the days of the second temple.   Never has the phrase “am k’shei oref” – a stiff necked and stubborn people – been more appropriate.  

We are in a world of sinat hinam –hatred without a cause. We have been here before and we know how dangerous it is. But precisely because of this knowledge we can learn to do things differently.  We have the tools we need to bring about change. In the words of Rav Kook the antidote to causeless hatred – sinat hinam, is causeless love – ahavat hinam.

In this age of social media we can see how easy it is to manipulate people to hate others. One only has to look at the comments beneath any article or photograph to see people who are willing to denigrate and dehumanise people they do not even know. We can see and hear the populist politicians, the rhetoric of patriotism, the racism and misogyny and nationalism and xenophobia.  We have been here before, and we can try to ensure that the pattern does not play out again as it did before.

Liliane Segre spoke of the indifference of others when Nazism and fascism arose:   “L’indifferenza racchiude la chiave per comprendere la ragione del male, perché quando credi che una cosa non ti tocchi, non ti riguardi, allora non c’è limite all’orrore.   L’indifferente è complice.   

Indifference holds the key to understanding the reason for evil, because when you believe that something does not affect you, does not concern you, then there is no limit to the horror.  The indifferent are accomplices

 And she said that the opposite of the indifference is caring, ensuring that we pay attention, that the things that we can see happening around us should engage us – we cannot look away and say that we are not involved – neutrality is not an option.

Her call is echoed by Elie Wiesel in his speech of acceptance of the Nobel peace prize.

“We must take sides. Neutrality helps the oppressor, never the victim. Silence encourages the tormentor, never the tormented…. When human lives are endangered, when human dignity is in jeopardy, national borders and sensitivities become irrelevant. Wherever men and women are persecuted because of their race, religion, or political views, that place must – at that moment – become the centre of the universe.”

We live in Jewish time, in a history that is ever present, with an unextinguishable hope for the future.  Past, present and future are bound together for us.  Moses Chaim Luzzatto (RaMCHaL) calls this “recurring time” and offers us hope – “in recurring time, the light of holiness that illuminated us then, will shine on us and refine and renew us”.. (Derech HaShem composed1735 Padua)

Jewish time gives us repeated opportunities to act well, reminds us not only to care for the vulnerable of our own people but to care for and about all people – whether they look like us or not, whether we agree with them or not, whether we know them personally or they are strangers to us. In a passage recorded in many places in our tradition we are told that Shimon ben Azzai teaches “the greatest principle of Torah is “ This is the book of the generations of Adam [origin of human beings]. When God created  human beings God created us in the divine likeness” (Gen. v. 1; Sifra, Ḳedoshim, iv.; Yer. Ned. ix. 41c; Gen. R. xxiv.). 

In other words – we are all one human people, we are all God’s creation. We live together on one small planet, and how we treat the earth impacts on us all. How we treat each other impacts on us all.   And it reminds us to stand up for our values when they – and we – are under attack.

The antidote to causeless hatred is not to logically explain why it is wrong. There is no logic to such anger and odium.  The antidote is to live with causeless love, to see humanity as one people living together on a small and fragile planet, our futures bound up together,

The antidote is to pay attention, to notice, to care, to stand up against false narratives of hate.

We live in recurring and spiral time – and each time we confront a situation we can choose how to respond. Let us hope that as Luzzatto taught, that the light of holiness that shone on us before, will shine on us now and in the future, refining us and renewing us and helping us to create a future of peace.

Shanah Tovah

Rosh Hashana Mattina Lev Chadash 2025

Di solito pensiamo al tempo come lo descrivevano gli antichi greci: il tempo è una progressione lineare, un momento conduce al successivo in una sequenza ininterrotta. Viviamo con questo modello in mente, pianificando le ore e i giorni, i mesi e gli anni a venire, misurando i nostri progressi nella vita con il passare degli anni. Il tempo lineare è generalmente ciò che usiamo per dare un senso al mondo che ci circonda. Il passato è sempre dietro di noi, immutabile e fisso, il futuro è davanti a noi, sconosciuto e inconoscibile. Viviamo in un eterno presente.

Ma la visione ebraica del tempo è diversa.

Per noi il tempo non è lineare. Non progrediamo attraverso i nostri giorni in linea retta dal passato, attraverso il presente, verso il futuro. Anche il modo in cui caratterizziamo il tempo è diverso: il passato è davanti a noi, perché possiamo vederlo, il futuro è dietro di noi, non ancora rivelato, e così, quando Mosè vede la schiena di Dio, capiamo che sta vedendo qualcosa della relazione tra il popolo ebraico e Dio che va verso il futuro. Non è una negazione del vedere il volto di Dio, quanto piuttosto la promessa che Dio rimarrà con noi.

L’ebraismo riconosce anche un elemento di circolarità, anche se, a differenza dei babilonesi e degli egizi, non lo vede solo come il ripetersi dei cicli di nascita, morte e rinnovamento. L’ebraismo fa invece qualcosa che prende da entrambe queste interpretazioni del tempo. L’ebraismo comprende e crea il tempo come una spirale. Possiamo tornare più e più volte a particolari esperienze, ma ogni volta che torniamo siamo diversi. Abbiamo progredito all’interno della circolarità.

Questo è il motivo per cui i nostri libri di preghiere per le festività sono conosciuti come machzorim: il nome ci ricorda che torniamo a queste festività più e più volte nella nostra vita, le stagioni passano e ritornano. Le festività sono le stesse, siamo noi che siamo diversi ogni volta. La stessa parola “shanah” ha diversi significati: “un anno”, “una ripetizione”, “un cambiamento”.

Mentre attraversiamo i nostri giorni, vediamo ripetersi gli schemi, mentre riviviamo il passato. A Pesach lasciamo – ancora una volta – la schiavitù in Egitto per un futuro sconosciuto, viaggiando verso la terra dei nostri antenati. A Shavuot incontriamo – ancora una volta – Dio e diventiamo il popolo di Dio sul Sinai. A Succot riviviamo la fragilità della nostra sicurezza temporale, sapendo che se non ci sono state pioggia e sole nelle stagioni giuste, potremmo non avere il cibo necessario per sopravvivere.

Durante lo Yamim Noraim dedichiamo del tempo a riflettere su come stiamo vivendo la nostra vita. Esaminiamo noi stessi per vedere se stiamo vivendo secondo i nostri valori e le aspettative di chi vogliamo essere. Ogni festa di questo ciclo è una pietra miliare, un punto di riferimento nel nostro viaggio attraverso la vita. Ognuna è un’opportunità. Il mondo secolare può avere compleanni o propositi per l’anno nuovo, date in cui riflettiamo su come abbiamo vissuto finora e proponiamo comportamenti nuovi o diversi, ma l’anno ebraico ha formalizzato tutto questo, riportandoci continuamente a ricordare e a rivivere il nostro passato, per informare e influenzare il nostro presente.

Il rabbino Eliyahu Dessler ha scritto che “Mentre viaggiamo nel tempo, torniamo ai momenti chiave del passato e recuperiamo l’energia spirituale intrinseca. Questo è il motivo per cui le festività ebraiche sono chiamate in ebraico ”moadim” (luoghi di incontro).

E il rabbino Adin Steinsaltz ha scritto: “Il tempo è un processo in cui passato, presente e futuro sono legati tra loro, non solo da causa ed effetto, ma anche come armonizzazione di due movimenti: il progresso in avanti e il contro-movimento all’indietro, che circonda e ritorna. È più simile a una spirale, o a un’elica, che si eleva dalla Creazione. (Da La rosa a tredici petali).

Il tempo a spirale non è uguale al tempo circolare. Non ripetiamo il passato. Almeno non lo ripetiamo esattamente. Proprio come la radice della parola “Shanah” significa sia ripetere che cambiare, lo rivisitiamo, ma siamo diversi, e quindi anche la nostra esperienza è diversa. Proprio come passiamo un anno a leggere lo stesso rotolo della Torah, solo per ripeterlo di nuovo negli anni successivi, scopriamo che leggiamo quel testo in modo diverso ogni volta perché noi stessi siamo diversi, quindi parole, idee o intere storie possono saltarci agli occhi un anno come mai prima d’ora, perché ora abbiamo qualcosa dentro di noi che risuona con esse.

Forse amo troppo la frase “plus ça change, plus c’est la même chose” – più le cose cambiano, più rimangono uguali. Ma so anche che non rispecchia esattamente l’esperienza ebraica del cambiamento. Perché anche se ci sembra di trovarci in situazioni di vulnerabilità che i nostri antenati riconoscerebbero, l’ebraismo aggiunge un ingrediente in più alla ripetizione: quello della speranza e della capacità umana di creare significato. Non smettiamo mai di sperare di poter portare un vero cambiamento nel mondo, continuando la perfezione della creazione.

I cinici potrebbero ripetere le parole del predicatore Kohelet, che si dice siano state scritte dal grande e saggio re Salomone – מַה־שֶּׁהָיָה הוּא שֶׁיִּהְיֶה וּמַה־שֶּׁנַּעֲשָׂה הוּא שֶׁיֵּעָשֶׂה וְאֵין כׇּל־חָדָשׁ תַּחַת הַשָּׁמֶשׁ׃

Solo ciò che è accaduto può accadere, solo ciò che è stato fatto può essere fatto. Non c’è nulla di nuovo sotto il sole! Ma questa visione piuttosto pessimistica della vita non è quella del giudaismo rabbinico, poiché noi abbiamo l’idea di riparazione insita nella nostra stessa essenza, desideriamo ardentemente la redenzione. Come scrisse Nachman di Bratzlav: “Se credi di poter danneggiare, devi credere di poter ricostruire”. E continuò dicendo: “Il mondo intero è un ponte stretto, l’importante è non lasciarsi prendere dalla paura”. In altre parole, abbiamo il potere di creare un cambiamento positivo e significativo, purché non ci disperiamo e non rinunciamo alla speranza e all’immaginazione per farlo.

In questo momento ci troviamo in un punto della spirale che riecheggia alcuni degli elementi più dolorosi e terrificanti della storia ebraica. Tutti i valori dell’Illuminismo e della modernità sembrano essere crollati, l’antisemitismo è in aumento, gli ebrei hanno paura di essere visti come tali negli spazi pubblici e siamo un popolo più diviso che mai, polarizzato in un modo che temo possa essere davar chadash – una cosa nuova – o certamente qualcosa che non si vedeva dai tempi del secondo tempio. Mai come ora l’espressione “am k’shei oref” – un popolo dal collo rigido e testardo – è stata più appropriata.

Viviamo in un mondo di sinat hinam, odio senza motivo. Ci siamo già trovati in questa situazione e sappiamo quanto sia pericolosa. Ma proprio grazie a questa consapevolezza possiamo imparare a fare le cose in modo diverso. Abbiamo gli strumenti necessari per apportare il cambiamento. Nelle parole di Rav Kook, l’antidoto all’odio senza causa – sinat hinam – è l’amore senza causa – ahavat hinam.

In questa era dei social media possiamo vedere quanto sia facile manipolare le persone affinché odino gli altri. Basta guardare i commenti sotto qualsiasi articolo o fotografia per vedere persone disposte a denigrare e disumanizzare persone che non conoscono nemmeno. Possiamo vedere e sentire i politici populisti, la retorica del patriottismo, il razzismo, la misoginia, il nazionalismo e la xenofobia. Ci siamo già passati e possiamo cercare di garantire che lo stesso schema non si ripeta come in passato.

Liliane Segre ha parlato dell’indifferenza degli altri quando sono sorti il nazismo e il fascismo: “L’indifferenza racchiude la chiave per comprendere la ragione del male, perché quando credi che una cosa non ti tocchi, non ti riguardi, allora non c’è limite all’orrore. L’indifferente è complice.

“L’indifferenza racchiude la chiave per comprendere la ragione del male, perché quando credi che una cosa non ti tocchi, non ti riguardi, allora non c’è limite all’orrore. L’indifferente è complice

E lei ha detto che il contrario dell’indifferenza è la cura, assicurarsi che prestiamo attenzione, che le cose che vediamo accadere intorno a noi ci coinvolgano – non possiamo distogliere lo sguardo e dire che non siamo coinvolti – la neutralità non è un’opzione.

La sua richiesta trova eco nelle parole di Elie Wiesel nel suo discorso di accettazione del premio Nobel per la pace.

“Dobbiamo schierarci. La neutralità aiuta l’oppressore, mai la vittima. Il silenzio incoraggia il carnefice, mai il tormentato… Quando le vite umane sono in pericolo, quando la dignità umana è in pericolo, i confini nazionali e le sensibilità diventano irrilevanti. Ovunque uomini e donne siano perseguitati a causa della loro razza, religione o opinioni politiche, quel luogo deve – in quel momento – diventare il centro dell’universo”.

Viviamo nel tempo ebraico, in una storia sempre presente, con una speranza inestinguibile per il futuro. Passato, presente e futuro sono legati insieme per noi. Moses Chaim Luzzatto (RaMCHaL) chiama questo “tempo ricorrente” e ci offre speranza: “nel tempo ricorrente, la luce della santità che ci illuminava allora, risplenderà su di noi e ci raffinerà e rinnoverà”. (Derech HaShem composto nel 1735 a Padova)

Il tempo ebraico ci offre ripetute opportunità di agire bene, ci ricorda non solo di prenderci cura dei più vulnerabili del nostro popolo, ma anche di prenderci cura di tutte le persone, che ci assomiglino o meno, che siamo d’accordo con loro o meno, che le conosciamo personalmente o che siano estranee per noi. In un passaggio riportato in molti luoghi della nostra tradizione, ci viene detto che Shimon ben Azzai insegna che “il principio più grande della Torah è: Questo è il libro delle generazioni di Adamo [origine degli esseri umani]. Quando Dio creò gli esseri umani, Dio ci creò a sua immagine e somiglianza” (Genesi v. 1; Sifra, Ḳedoshim, iv.; Yer. Ned. ix. 41c; Gen. R. xxiv.).

In altre parole, siamo tutti un unico popolo umano, siamo tutti creature di Dio. Viviamo insieme su un piccolo pianeta e il modo in cui trattiamo la terra ha un impatto su tutti noi. Il modo in cui ci trattiamo l’un l’altro ha un impatto su tutti noi. E questo ci ricorda di difendere i nostri valori quando essi, e noi stessi, siamo sotto attacco.

L’antidoto all’odio immotivato non è spiegare logicamente perché è sbagliato. Non c’è logica in tale rabbia e odio. L’antidoto è vivere con amore immotivato, vedere l’umanità come un unico popolo che vive insieme su un pianeta piccolo e fragile, con un futuro legato insieme.

L’antidoto è prestare attenzione, notare, preoccuparsi, opporsi alle false narrazioni dell’odio.

Viviamo in un tempo ricorrente e a spirale, e ogni volta che affrontiamo una situazione possiamo scegliere come reagire. Speriamo che, come insegnava Luzzatto, la luce della santità che brillava su di noi prima, brilli su di noi ora e in futuro, raffinandoci, rinnovandoci e aiutandoci a creare un futuro di pace.

Shanah Tovah

Sermon Bereishit 2024

Il testo italiano segue il testo inglese

Torah begins with a famous phrase “Bereishit bara Elohim”, which we usually mistranslate as  “In the beginning God created…” 

Why “mistranslate”? – Because the very first word is does not lend itself to being easily understood.

If Torah had wanted to begin at the very beginning, it would have used the Hebrew word “behat’chila  “ בהתחלה  -which we can translate as “in the beginning”.  Or maybe “בראשונה ברא

Which would at least keep within it the idea of “rosh” – a root more commonly understood as a “head” – both literally and figuratively – it can mean a leader, or something of importance in a hierarchy, the top of something, a direction upwards….

So it is not impossible to translate this opaque word to be – in the beginning – except-

Except we have to ask ourselves – the beginning of what?

God is already present, in existence beyond this “beginning”, already creating what is to become our world, and there is “tohu va’vo’hu” – another opaque phrase, but  one which implies not emptiness but its opposite – a chaos of disorganised matter.

Many commentators note that the Torah does not begin with the first letter of the alphabet as might be expected, but with the second letter.  The Hebrew letter Alef is used to denote the first number (one);  A letter without sound it is written in Torah as a combination of three Hebrew letters (the letter yud both above and below the letter vav written on a diagonal whereby the upper yud represents the unknowable aspects of God, and the lower one represents God’s presence in our world. The vav ( which means a “hook”) connects the two realms. It should be the perfect letter to begin a text about the creation of a new realm of existence.

A clue might come in the fact that the Hebrew letter “Beit” which does begin the text of Torah has the shape of a parenthesis, closing off whatever might have come before from view – not only to the side but above and below also. We can move only away and onwards from that shape; So a beginning of sorts, but with the definite implication that this is not in any way “THE beginning”.

Targum Yerushalmi doesn’t see a “beginning” at all, but reads this text using the idea of “reishit” as “Chochma” – wisdom “בראשית בחוכמא ברא יי:

The Zohar picks this us and tells us that Torah begins with the phrase “With Wisdom God created….” Whereas the Italian rabbi Ovadiah Sforno (died Bologna 1549) comments : “ [it refers to] the beginning of time; this is the first moment which is divisible into shorter periods. There had not been a concept “time” previous to this, there had only been unbroken continuity.”

               We are invited to ask ourselves, “What was created in this first sentence of Torah? And what was subsequently created?”      

We are invited to reflect upon the nature of Time, seeing not a linear progression but rather an “event”, a dislocation of continuity while at the same time a new pattern is forming which can create both time and space, the possibility of something new. 

               We are reminded that before one beginning lies another beginning – indeed rabbinic tradition speaks of God creating and destroying many worlds before this one.  [“Rabbi Judah bar Simon said: it does not say, ‘It was evening,’ but ‘And it was evening.’ Hence we derive that there was a time-system prior to this. Rabbi Abbahu said: This teaches us that God created worlds and destroyed them, saying, ‘This one pleases me; those did not please me.’ Rabbi Pinhas said, Rabbi Abbahu derives this from the verse, ‘And God saw all that God had made, and behold it was very good,’ as if to say, ‘This one pleases me, those others did not please me.  (Ber Rabbbah 3:7)

               This is not a text bringing a scientific perspective to our understanding of creation, nor is it speaking literally. It’s value lies in the challenge to us to make sense of our living on this world.  Unlike the King in Alice in Wonderland, who advises the white rabbit to “Begin at the beginning, and go on till you come to the end. Then stop”, the text is saying to us – there is no fixed uni-directional pathway, our existence is complex, there are always possibilities, always choices to be made, always the possibility of starting again, always new ways for us to find as we live out our time on this world.

               While every act we choose to do will, of course, have consequences, there is no fixed or pre-ordained destiny. Every morning we thank God for the return of our soul after sleep, with a line that references the book of Lamentations (3:22-23) speaking of God’s mercy and compassion renewed every morning – from which the rabbis deduced that every morning God renews every person as a new creation – every morning we have the opportunity to start again.

               On the list the rabbis compiled of seven things that were made before the Creation, one of the items is “teshuvah” – turning or returning to God/ to the right way of being. (Pesachim 54a). It is a way of saying that foundational to the creation of human beings is the possibility of change, of reviewing and amending our behaviour, of learning and of applying that learning for the betterment of the world. It is, so to speak, built into our human-ness. We are created with the ability to make changes, to decide ourselves how we will live, to understand the effects and consequences of our behaviours and to act upon that understanding.

               In the liturgy of Kippur, that great day of teshuvah, of repentance and return we have just celebrated, we read the words of Isaiah:

(יז) כִּֽי־הִנְנִ֥י בוֹרֵ֛א שָׁמַ֥יִם חֲדָשִׁ֖ים וָאָ֣רֶץ חֲדָשָׁ֑ה וְלֹ֤א תִזָּכַ֙רְנָה֙ הָרִ֣אשֹׁנ֔וֹת וְלֹ֥א תַעֲלֶ֖ינָה עַל־לֵֽב׃

 For behold! I am creating A new heaven and a new earth; The former things shall not be remembered, They shall never come to mind. (6:17)   We remind each other that our mistakes may not be erased, but they can pass into history, we can do better going forward, we need not be hampered by our past actions if we truly repent them.

               The Irish poet Seamus Heaney wrote “History says, don’t hope /On this side of the grave/

But then, once in a lifetime/The longed-for tidal wave/Of justice can rise up/ And hope and history rhyme.”

               I love what Seamus Heaney describes as the moment “hope and history rhyme”, the moment where what has already happened is met by what we human beings choose to make of it. The pivotal time where our humanity can change the future, where we can hope for something different, and then make that hope real. Where, as he writes, “a tidal wave of justice can rise up” echoing the prophet Amos (5:24) But let justice well up like water / Righteousness like an unfailing stream.  ויגל כמים משפט וצדקה כנחל איתן

               The first words of Torah – whether referencing wisdom or new beginnings – points us to the existence of hope. Hope, not as an aspect of divinity, but of humanity. Hope not as some kind of future messianic expectation, but as here-and-now action. Hope – something we can use in order to create a better world. 

In this shabbat which comes immediately after the Tishri festivals, from the changing of a year to the changing of ourselves, when we have just marked Simchat Torah, with its powerful symbolism of the continuity of Torah at the same time as the new beginning of the reading of Torah, we are most definitely at the point where hope and history meet.  

The past year has felt to many to be one of especial hopelessness. And yet we know, in the words of Rav Nachman of Bratslav:  “Lo tit’ya-esh – Assur l’hit’ya-esh – ‘It is forbidden to despair”.

He also said :  “If you belief it is possible to destroy, then believe it is also possible to repair.”

תַּאַמִיןֹ שֶיְכוֹלִין לְתַּקֵן אִם אַתָּה מֲאַמִין שֶיְכוֹלִין לְקַלְקֵל   

Im Attah ma ’amin she-yekholin lekalkeil ta’amin she-yekholim letakein

He is speaking about hope. Not an abstract or theological hope, but a practical one. Not optimism or wishful thinking, not a fantasy that does not take into account our reality, but a very concrete behaviour.

               The Hebrew word for hope – Tikvah – comes from a root k’v’h kavah meaning to gather together (used in this sidra for the waters that are gathered together in order to reveal the dry land), to bind together by twisting or stretching – from which we also get the image of a cord made of many strands, to expect and to look for a thing which we can focus upon which is not yet here.   The word is designed to demonstrate a collective, who share meaning and who will share action for change.  

               We have been in situations of existential despair many times. In truth the history of the Jewish people is filled with tragedy and violence, fear and instability, bad leadership and a directionless people. The Jerusalem Talmud speaks of the hours after the exodus from Egypt, when Pharoah and his army were riding up behind the people and the waters of the reed sea lay in front of them. The people did not know what to do. They divided into four different groups. One said  “Let’s go into the sea!”  Another said, “Let’s return to Egypt!”  Another said, “Let’s make war on [the Egyptians],” and the fourth said, “Let’s cry out against them!”.  To the group that said, “Let’s go into the sea,” Moses said to them, “Stand and see the liberation that God will work for you today.”  To those who said, “Let’s return to Egypt,” he said, “The Egyptians you see today you will never see again…”  To those who said “Let’s make war with them,” Moses said, “God will fight for you,” and to those who said, “let’s cry out….” he said,  “Hold your peace (be quiet)”  (Jer Talmud on Ex 14:13-14). It is a reminder to us that not only have we experienced such times of terror and trauma before, but also that there are many responses to such times. In the biblical text the next verse has God say to Moses  “Why do you cry out to Me? Tell the Israelites to go forward. And you, lift up your rod and hold out your arm over the sea and split it, so that the Israelites may march into the sea on dry ground.” . While the text appears to recount a miracle, look too at the instructions – Go forward, hold out your arm..  We cannot wait for God to act – it is our job to go forward in hope, to take action in hope, to make choices for a better future.

As the theologian Eugene Borowitz wrote, “To hope is to close the gap between our present condition and a more desirable one in the future.”  We come together as a people, bind ourselves to each other and offer each other a possible future that we can work towards creating. And in the words of Elie Wiesel: “Hope is like peace. It is not a gift from God. It is a gift only we can give one another.”             

               This shabbat is also the yahrzeit of Rabbi Regina Jonas, the first woman to be ordained a rabbi in modern times, who challenged the accepted worldview and opened doors into new worlds for the women (and men) who came after her.  I hope that you too will continue to challenge received wisdom, will follow your own heart and your own thoughts in order to best create a community and a world that is better for your being in it.  I have quoted Rav Nachman a lot in this sermon, and I want to end with one more of his sayings. ““The day you were born is the day God decided that the world could not exist without you.” It was a day where multiple new possibilities were born with you, and where each day of your life new possibilities emerge for you. I hope as you go forward in life you can celebrate those possibilities and choose for yourself things that bring you pleasure and meaning, that contribute to the world and make changes as yet undreamed of.

La Torah inizia con una famosa frase “Bereishit bara Elohim”, che di solito traduciamo erroneamente come “In principio Dio creò…”. 

Perché “traduciamo male”? – Perché la prima parola non si presta a essere facilmente compresa.

Se la Torah avesse voluto iniziare dal principio, avrebbe usato la parola ebraica “behat’chila” בהתחלה – che possiamo tradurre come “in principio”.  O forse “בראשונה ברא”.

Che almeno manterrebbe al suo interno l’idea di “rosh” – una radice più comunemente intesa come “testa” – sia in senso letterale che figurato – può significare un leader, o qualcosa di importante in una gerarchia, la cima di qualcosa, una direzione verso l’alto….

Quindi non è impossibile tradurre questa parola opaca con essere – all’inizio – eccetto-.

Ma dobbiamo chiederci: l’inizio di cosa?

Dio è già presente, in esistenza al di là di questo “inizio”, sta già creando quello che diventerà il nostro mondo, e c’è “tohu va’vo’hu” – un’altra frase opaca, ma che implica non il vuoto ma il suo opposto – un caos di materia disorganizzata.

Molti commentatori notano che la Torah non inizia con la prima lettera dell’alfabeto, come ci si potrebbe aspettare, ma con la seconda.  La lettera ebraica Alef è usata per indicare il primo numero (uno); una lettera senza suono che nella Torah è scritta come una combinazione di tre lettere ebraiche (la lettera yud sia sopra che sotto la lettera vav scritta in diagonale, dove la yud superiore rappresenta gli aspetti inconoscibili di Dio e quella inferiore la presenza di Dio nel nostro mondo. La vav (che significa “gancio”) collega i due regni. Dovrebbe essere la lettera perfetta per iniziare un testo sulla creazione di un nuovo regno di esistenza.

Un indizio potrebbe venire dal fatto che la lettera ebraica “Beit”, che inizia il testo della Torah, ha la forma di una parentesi, che chiude alla vista tutto ciò che è venuto prima, non solo di lato, ma anche sopra e sotto. Possiamo muoverci solo lontano e in avanti da quella forma; quindi una sorta di inizio, ma con la precisa implicazione che questo non è in alcun modo “L’inizio”.

Il Targum Yerushalmi non vede affatto un “inizio”, ma legge questo testo usando l’idea di “reishit” come “Chochma” – saggezza “בראשית בחוכמא ברא יי”:

Lo Zohar riprende questa frase e ci dice che la Torah inizia con la frase “Con saggezza Dio creò….”. Mentre il rabbino italiano Ovadiah Sforno (morto a Bologna nel 1549) commenta: “ [si riferisce] all’inizio del tempo; questo è il primo momento che è divisibile in periodi più brevi. Prima di questo non esisteva il concetto di “tempo”, ma solo una continuità ininterrotta”.

               Siamo invitati a chiederci: “Che cosa è stato creato in questa prima frase della Torah? E cosa è stato creato successivamente?”.     

Siamo invitati a riflettere sulla natura del tempo, vedendo non una progressione lineare ma piuttosto un “evento”, una dislocazione della continuità, mentre allo stesso tempo si sta formando un nuovo modello che può creare sia il tempo che lo spazio, la possibilità di qualcosa di nuovo. 

               Ci viene ricordato che prima di un inizio c’è un altro inizio – infatti la tradizione rabbinica parla di Dio che crea e distrugge molti mondi prima di questo.  [Rabbi Judah bar Simon disse: “Non si dice: ‘Era sera’, ma ‘E fu sera’. Da ciò si deduce che c’era un sistema temporale precedente a questo. Rabbi Abbahu disse: Questo ci insegna che Dio ha creato i mondi e li ha distrutti, dicendo: “Questo mi piace; quelli non mi sono piaciuti”. Rabbi Pinhas disse: “Rabbi Abbahu deriva questo dal versetto: ‘E Dio vide tutto ciò che Dio aveva fatto, ed ecco che era molto buono’, come a dire: ‘Questo mi piace, gli altri non mi sono piaciuti’” (Ber Rabbbah 3:7).

               Questo non è un testo che porta una prospettiva scientifica alla nostra comprensione della creazione, né parla in senso letterale. Il suo valore risiede nella sfida a dare un senso al nostro vivere su questo mondo.  A differenza del re di Alice nel Paese delle Meraviglie, che consiglia al coniglio bianco di “Cominciare dall’inizio e andare avanti finché non si arriva alla fine. Allora fermati”, il testo ci sta dicendo che non esiste un percorso fisso e unidirezionale, che la nostra esistenza è complessa, che ci sono sempre possibilità, sempre scelte da fare, sempre la possibilità di ricominciare, sempre nuove strade da trovare mentre viviamo il nostro tempo su questo mondo.

               Sebbene ogni atto che scegliamo di compiere avrà, ovviamente, delle conseguenze, non esiste un destino fisso o preordinato. Ogni mattina ringraziamo Dio per il ritorno della nostra anima dopo il sonno, con un verso che fa riferimento al libro delle Lamentazioni (3:22-23) che parla della misericordia e della compassione di Dio che si rinnovano ogni mattina – da cui i rabbini hanno dedotto che ogni mattina Dio rinnova ogni persona come una nuova creazione – ogni mattina abbiamo l’opportunità di ricominciare.

                              Nell’elenco che i rabbini hanno compilato delle sette cose che sono state fatte prima della Creazione, una delle voci è la “teshuvah”, cioè il ritorno a Dio/al giusto modo di essere. (Pesachim 54a). È un modo per dire che alla base della creazione degli esseri umani c’è la possibilità di cambiare, di rivedere e modificare il nostro comportamento, di imparare e di applicare tale apprendimento per migliorare il mondo. È, per così dire, incorporata nella nostra umanità. Siamo stati creati con la capacità di apportare cambiamenti, di decidere noi stessi come vivere, di comprendere gli effetti e le conseguenze dei nostri comportamenti e di agire in base a tale comprensione.

               Nella liturgia del Kippur, il grande giorno di teshuvah, di pentimento e di ritorno che abbiamo appena celebrato, leggiamo le parole di Isaia:

(יז) כִּֽי-הִנְנִ֥י בוֹרֵ֛א שָׁמַ֥יִם חֲדָשִׁ֖ים וָאָ֣רֶץ חֲדָשָׁ֑ה וְלֹ֤א תִזָּכַ֙רְנָה֙ הָרִ֣אשֹׁנ֔וֹת וְלֹ֥א תַעֲלֶ֖ינָה עַל-לֵֽב׃

 Perché ecco! Io creo un cielo nuovo e una terra nuova; le cose di prima non saranno ricordate, non torneranno mai più alla mente. (6:17) Ci ricordiamo l’un l’altro che i nostri errori non possono essere cancellati, ma possono passare alla storia, possiamo fare meglio in futuro, non dobbiamo essere ostacolati dalle nostre azioni passate se ci pentiamo veramente.

               Il poeta irlandese Seamus Heaney ha scritto: “La storia dice: non sperare, da questa parte della tomba…”.

Ma poi, una volta nella vita/ L’agognata onda anomala/ Della giustizia può sollevarsi/ E speranza e storia fanno rima”.

               Mi piace ciò che Seamus Heaney descrive come il momento in cui “speranza e storia fanno rima”, il momento in cui ciò che è già accaduto si incontra con ciò che noi esseri umani scegliamo di farne. Il momento cruciale in cui la nostra umanità può cambiare il futuro, in cui possiamo sperare in qualcosa di diverso e poi rendere reale quella speranza. Dove, come scrive l’autore, “può sorgere un’onda anomala di giustizia”, riecheggiando il profeta Amos (5,24) Ma la giustizia salga come l’acqua / la giustizia come un torrente ininterrotto.  ויגל כמים משפט וצדקה כנחל איתן

               Le prime parole della Torah – che si riferiscano alla saggezza o a nuovi inizi – ci indicano l’esistenza della speranza. La speranza, non come aspetto della divinità, ma dell’umanità. La speranza non come una sorta di aspettativa messianica futura, ma come azione qui e ora. La speranza – qualcosa che possiamo usare per creare un mondo migliore. 

In questo shabbat che viene subito dopo le feste di Tishri, dal cambiamento di un anno al cambiamento di noi stessi, quando abbiamo appena segnato Simchat Torah, con il suo potente simbolismo della continuità della Torah allo stesso tempo del nuovo inizio della lettura della Torah, siamo sicuramente al punto in cui speranza e storia si incontrano. 

L’anno passato è sembrato a molti particolarmente disperato. Eppure sappiamo, con le parole di Rav Nachman di Bratslav: “Lo tit’ya-esh – Assur l’hit’ya-esh – ‘È vietato disperare’”.

Egli disse anche: “Se credi che sia possibile distruggere, allora credi che sia anche possibile riparare”.    אִם אַתָּה מֲאַמִין שֶיְכוֹלִין לְקַלְקֵל תַּאַמִיןֹ שֶיְכוֹלִין לְתַּקֵן    Im Attah ma ‘amin she-yekholin lekalkeil ta’amin she-yekholim letakein

Parla di speranza. Non una speranza astratta o teologica, ma pratica. Non un ottimismo o un pio desiderio, non una fantasia che non tiene conto della nostra realtà, ma un comportamento molto concreto.

               La parola ebraica che indica la speranza – Tikvah – deriva da una radice k’v’h kavah che significa raccogliere (usata in questa sidra per le acque che si raccolgono per rivelare la terra asciutta), legare insieme attorcigliando o tendendo – da cui si ricava anche l’immagine di una corda fatta di molti fili -, aspettarsi e cercare una cosa su cui concentrarsi che ancora non c’è.   La parola è pensata per indicare un collettivo che condivide un significato e che condividerà l’azione per il cambiamento.  

               Ci siamo trovati molte volte in situazioni di disperazione esistenziale. In verità la storia del popolo ebraico è costellata di tragedie e violenze, paura e instabilità, leadership sbagliata e un popolo senza direzione. Il Talmud di Gerusalemme parla delle ore successive all’esodo dall’Egitto, quando il Faraone e il suo esercito cavalcavano alle spalle del popolo e le acque del canneto si stendevano davanti a loro. Il popolo non sapeva cosa fare. Si divisero in quattro gruppi diversi. Uno disse: “Andiamo in mare!”.  Un altro disse: “Torniamo in Egitto!”.  Un altro disse: “Facciamo guerra [agli Egiziani]”, e il quarto disse: “Gridiamo contro di loro!”.  Al gruppo che disse: “Andiamo nel mare”, Mosè disse: “Restate in piedi e vedrete la liberazione che Dio opererà per voi oggi”.  A quelli che dissero: “Torniamo in Egitto”, disse: “Gli egiziani che vedete oggi non li vedrete mai più…”.  A quelli che dicevano: “Facciamo la guerra con loro”, Mosè disse: “Dio combatterà per voi”, e a quelli che dicevano: “Gridiamo ….”, disse: “State tranquilli” (Jer Talmud su Es 14,13-14). Ci ricorda che non solo abbiamo già vissuto momenti di terrore e trauma, ma anche che ci sono molte risposte a questi momenti. Nel testo biblico, il versetto successivo dice a Mosè: “Perché gridi verso di me? Di’ agli Israeliti di andare avanti. E tu, alza la tua verga e stendi il tuo braccio sul mare e dividilo, così che gli Israeliti possano marciare nel mare su terra asciutta”. . Sebbene il testo sembri raccontare un miracolo, guardate anche le istruzioni: “Vai avanti, tendi il tuo braccio”.  Non possiamo aspettare che Dio agisca: è nostro compito andare avanti nella speranza, agire nella speranza, fare scelte per un futuro migliore.

Come ha scritto il teologo Eugene Borowitz, “sperare è colmare il divario tra la nostra condizione attuale e una più desiderabile in futuro”.  Ci riuniamo come popolo, ci leghiamo gli uni agli altri e ci offriamo un futuro possibile che possiamo lavorare per creare. Per dirla con le parole di Elie Wiesel: “La speranza è come la pace. Non è un dono di Dio. È un dono che solo noi possiamo farci l’un l’altro”.

                              Questo shabbat è anche lo yahrzeit di Rabbi Regina Jonas, la prima donna a essere ordinata rabbino nei tempi moderni, che ha sfidato la visione del mondo accettata e ha aperto le porte di nuovi mondi alle donne (e agli uomini) che sono venuti dopo di lei.  Spero che anche voi continuiate a sfidare la saggezza ricevuta, che seguiate il vostro cuore e i vostri pensieri per creare al meglio una comunità e un mondo migliori per il fatto di esserci.  Ho citato spesso Rav Nachman in questo sermone e voglio concludere con un altro dei suoi detti. “Il giorno in cui sei nato è il giorno in cui Dio ha deciso che il mondo non poteva esistere senza di te”. È stato un giorno in cui con voi sono nate molteplici nuove possibilità e in cui ogni giorno della vostra vita emergono nuove possibilità per voi. Spero che, andando avanti nella vita, possiate celebrare queste possibilità e scegliere per voi stessi cose che vi portino piacere e significato, che contribuiscano al mondo e apportino cambiamenti non ancora sognati.

Sermon Shofetim 2024

l’italiano segue l’inglese

On the first shabbat of the month of Elul – the month when we Jews traditionally focus on an examination of or lives in order to intensify the journey of teshuvah – of returning to God – in preparation for the Yamim Noraim – the Days of Awe, we always read Parashat Shofetim.  This parasha, which forms part of Moses’ last speeches to the people of Israel, his ethical legacy to accompany them into the land into which he cannot go, includes important guidance for future leadership of the people –  the creation of a justice system for the Israelites; the limits of material power for future kings, priests and Levites; and a review of the laws of warfare.

Probably its most  famous line is

צדק צדק תרדף למען תחיה וירשת את־הארץ אשר־יהוה אלהיך נתן לך {ס}         “

Justice, justice shall you pursue, that you may thrive and occupy the land that the ETERNAL your God is giving you”

And this commandment has been a cornerstone of Rabbinic Judaism, which created a wealth of detail on the pursuit and maintenance of a judicial system for everyone to use.

The rabbis were also focused on what appears to be an extra word in the text. Tzedek is usually paired in biblical text with Mishpat – Righteousness with Law or Justice, but here we have a repetition – within the context of establishing a legal system – not of a judicial term per se, but of an ethical one.  One explanation is that the repeated word emphasises that the  pursuit of righteousness is one that has to be carried out with righteousness – in English there is  a phrase that “the end justifies the means”, but here the exact opposite is the case – no matter the rightness of your cause, how you accomplish it matters. And Ibn Ezra (12th century Spain) clarified further – the duplication of “Tzedek” refers to Justice without reference to the circumstances – whether it is to your own profit or your own loss, whether it is in word or deed, for Jew or non-Jew, friend or enemy – Justice must be pursued for its own sake. 

Our tradition teaches that this repetition of “Tzedek” is also an oblique reference to compromise. When in moral philosophy there are two positions that each hold true, each are “good”, and yet these positions clash, there has to be a balancing of the “goods”. All true ethical decisions involve balancing and weighing competing needs and benefits – for the individual and for society for example, and so rabbinic teaching uses this verse to mandate a compromise that is just. When there are two competing “goods”, one must work to find an acceptable compromise between them.

The third word of this verse, the imperative verb “tirdof”, that we must pursue Justice, is also taken up by our tradition. Justice is never to be taken for granted, but must be actively and continually created. In a human world driven by self-interest, it is easy to give in to  the temptation to bend rules, to benefit from the disbenefit of others, to skew our actions. Whether it be buying an item priced so cheaply that in no way could the worker have been paid a fair amount for their labour, or using our position to privilege ourselves or our family, all of us can fall prey to temptation. The pursuit of justice is an ongoing struggle. Rav Yonatan Chipman wrote “no person is “righteous” as a fixed quality of their being as a person.  Justice, truth, righteousness, integrity, are all the results of a daily struggle to do good and not to be influenced or tempted to depart from the straight and narrow.” We live our lives in aspiration to be better people, an aspiration that can end only with our death.

               Parashat Shofetim, named for the establishment of a series of law courts and judges, is actually more widely concerned with the whole of Israelite society and in particular with its leadership.  Bible has a way of being relevant to every society and every epoch, and the issues Moses addresses in this portion remain pertinent and significant for us today. Indeed, the behaviour of those who are put in positions of leadership in our day concerns us all. As in the famous curse, we are “living in interesting times”, where the leaders of many countries seem to be choosing dangerous pathways, ratcheting up anger and fear and hatred of the other.

               Here in Shofetim we have the rules not only for a legal system, but for the political leader – the King.  We are told:   “ If, after you have entered the land that your God יהוה has assigned to you, and taken possession of it and settled in it, and you decide, “I will set a king over me, as do all the nations about me,” then you shall be free to set a king over yourself” (vv14-15)

               The Hebrew is potentially ambiguous. Is it a commandment? or is it simply a recognition that people may want to have such a form of leadership even if it is not what God would prefer?

In part because of the histories recounted in the books of Samuel and Kings, and the weight of tradition that ties monarchy to messianism, many medieval commentators decided to include kingship into the 613 mitzvot of bible – a commandment to the Jewish people from God.

But there was one important medieval dissenter to this idea, one whose argument and whose writings on political theory have  become even more powerful in modernity. I refer of course, to Don Yitzchak Abravanel.

Maybe it was because he had held high-level positions in three different royal courts: Portugal, Spain, and the Kingdom of Naples, that his views on monarchy differed from many of his contemporaries. He saw at close quarters the dangers of unbridled power that was invested in monarchy. And as a grammarian he believed that any divine mandate for monarchy was at best a misunderstanding of the spirit of the texts.  For what it is worth, I agree with him on this.

Don Yitzchak insisted that the Israelites were not commanded by God to select a king and he made a linguistic as well as anthropological case for his point. And he took the idea further, from theological into political discourse.

He asked a question no-one was asking. Is a king (that is a leadership figure with absolute power) at all necessary for a State to run well?  He first offers, then disposes of the prevalent idea that the position of the Monarch is analogous to the position of God in the world, a figure who will unify the people, who provides continuity, whose role is to focus and underpin power, even if not to actually use that power.

He writes that a monarchy is unnecessary. While the biblical text shows God recognising that the people may want to have a monarch just like all the other people around them, God doesn’t seem particularly enamoured of the idea, instead it seems that God is allowing it to happen ONLY as a kind of bridge to a future society that would function quite differently, with every person responsible for the community. For Abravanel, the monarchy begins as a sop to public anxieties about leadership. And part of his argument is based right here in Parashat Shofetim. Because the text emphasises interesting limits set to the what the monarch will be able to do and to have. We read:  “[The King]  shall not keep many horses or send people back to Egypt to add to his horses, since יהוה has warned you, “You must not go back that way again.” And he shall not have many wives, lest his heart go astray; nor shall he amass silver and gold to excess.  When he is seated on his royal throne, he shall have a copy of this Teaching written for him on a scroll by the Levitical priests. Let it remain with him and let him read in it all his life, so that he may learn to revere his God יהוה, to observe faithfully every word of this Teaching as well as these laws. Thus he will not act haughtily toward his fellows or deviate from the Instruction to the right or to the left, to the end that he and his descendants may reign long in the midst of Israel. (Deut. 17:16-20)

It is clear that Moses, in his final days trying to inculcate values to both build and hold the Israelite society together, also has a somewhat jaundiced view of monarchy. And he tries hard to limit the power and the hedonism and self-interest that may easily develop in the role.

Don Yitzchak Abravanel not only argues persuasively against any biblical mandate for a monarchy, he argues against any mandate for that type of life-time leadership, either inherited or acquired by other means. He maintains that not only is a monarch unnecessary, but that they are potentially a damaging form of leadership. And in his powerful commentary he offers another model of leadership that he believes would be much better – a government formed by a group of people, chosen for a brief period of time, who would come together to make the decisions required for the well-being of the society and the State. He wrote “It is not impossible that a nation should have many leaders who convene, unite, and reach a consensus and can thus govern and administer justice. . . . Reason suggests that . . . between the one and the many, the many should be heeded.”

               Now Don Yitzchak had seen absolute monarchy close up and understood its dangerous flaws. He also, on arriving in Italy, saw the republics of Florence and Venice, which operated outside the all-powerful Papal control, and which he saw had a series of checks and balances that allowed for good governance. So maybe it is no surprise that he had strong views on how leadership should be formed and how there needed to be an ongoing understanding of the needs of the community in order to provide appropriate governance.

               In the Nevi’im, the second section of the Hebrew Bible, there is developed a further model of leadership. There is, at the behest of the people, (and with a false start with the kingship of Saul), a hereditary monarchy that descends from David. From the time of Moses we already have an hereditary priesthood, of the tribe of Levi, with the High Priests descending from the line of Aaron. By the end of Deuteronomy, as we read today, there is a system that is not hereditary, but seems to be based on the knowledge, judgment and ethical reputation of its participants – the Judges. This system has roots right back to Moses’ father in law, Jethro, who advises Moses to set up a arrangement of courts so that Justice is never delayed. And of course we also have the individuals who challenge everything and everyone – the prophets – called to speak their truth to power. The prophets are each individuals, arising from no system or class or family, and who have no common background. Their role is to call for moral and ethical imperatives when these are being ignored; reminding the people of God’s continuing watchfulness for the people of Israel, even when God may seem to be very distant.

               From very early on Judaism teaches that good  leadership must come from all aspects of the society working together, each bringing their differing viewpoints and differing priorities.  There would be some stability and some interruption embedded in the model, some continuity and some evolution or even revolution. Leadership is not an absolute attribute – as even Moses found out –  there will always be people who challenge those in power.

The Talmud (Shevuot 39a) tells us that “Kol Yisrael arevim zeh bazeh”, meaning “all of  Israel are responsible each for the other”. The idea of communal responsibility, and of each of us being in relationship with each other, is fundamental to our society.  The passage goes on to remind us that if we see another person about to commit a sin we must intervene to warn and if necessary to stop them. We are not permitted to keep silent when we see injustice. The point being always that responsibility for our society does not rest with a small number of officials -even if they have been elected or appointed to roles with the oversight or status to govern. Responsibility for our society rests with us all. Each of us must step up to leadership.

Shortly we will be celebrating the Yamim Noraim, the festivals of Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur, traditionally the great days of Judgement when we take the time to look into our souls and examine how we are living our lives, and hopefully return to the ways of righteousness – Tzedek.  The language of the liturgy reminds us that God notices us, notices how we live our lives, notices both the good and the bad that we do. The fact that we pray in community, confess together in the first person plural to a list of alphabetical misdeeds, helps us to face up to our own behaviour and encourages others to do the same. We are reminded – repeatedly – of the fragility of our lives, of our impermanence, of our own mortality. And we are reminded – repeatedly – that we are not alone.

It sometimes feels – indeed in these last weeks and months it has felt most dreadfully strongly – that God has not noticed our pain, that our leaderships have failed us, that there is no righteousness nor justice in the world.

               I write this sermon on the day that the bodies of six hostages – young people who were so recently alive in Gaza – have been brought back to Israel for burial. The day when the pain within the Jewish world is so extreme one can scarcely breathe. Where is God? Where are our leaders? Where is righteousness?

               And I am reminded by a colleague that God still sees, that God notices and holds firm to the values of life and of peace and of human beings living together. And that our role is to manifest those values and bring them into the world. “Tzedek Tzedek tirdof “– Never stop pursuing righteousness, whatever the circumstances, however difficult the context.

              

Il primo shabbat del mese di Elul – il mese in cui noi ebrei tradizionalmente ci concentriamo sull’esame della nostra vita per intensificare il cammino di teshuvah – il ritorno a Dio – in preparazione agli Yamim Noraim – i giorni di soggezione – leggiamo sempre la Parashat Shofetim.  Questa parashà, che fa parte degli ultimi discorsi di Mosè al popolo d’Israele, il suo lascito etico per accompagnarlo nella terra in cui non può andare, include importanti indicazioni per la futura guida del popolo – la creazione di un sistema di giustizia per gli israeliti; i limiti del potere materiale per i futuri re, sacerdoti e leviti; e una revisione delle leggi di guerra.

Probabilmente il suo verso più famoso è

צדק צדק תרדף למען תחיה וירשת-הארץ אשר-יהוה אלהיך נתן {ס}         ”

Giustizia, giustizia perseguirete, affinché possiate prosperare e occupare la terra che l’Eterno, il vostro Dio, vi sta dando”.

Questo comandamento è stato una pietra miliare dell’ebraismo rabbinico, che ha creato una ricchezza di dettagli sul perseguimento e il mantenimento di un sistema giudiziario a disposizione di tutti.

I rabbini si sono anche concentrati su quella che sembra essere una parola in più nel testo. Nel testo biblico, Tzedek è di solito abbinato a Mishpat – Rettitudine con Legge o Giustizia, ma qui abbiamo una ripetizione – nel contesto dell’istituzione di un sistema legale – non di un termine giudiziario in sé, ma di un termine etico.  Una spiegazione è che la parola ripetuta enfatizza il fatto che la ricerca della rettitudine è una ricerca che deve essere portata avanti con rettitudine – in inglese c’è una frase che dice “il fine giustifica i mezzi”, ma qui è l’esatto contrario – non importa la giustezza della vostra causa, conta il modo in cui la realizzate. E Ibn Ezra (Spagna, XII secolo) ha chiarito ulteriormente: la duplicazione di “Tzedek” si riferisce alla giustizia senza riferimento alle circostanze, sia che si tratti di un profitto o di una perdita, sia che si tratti di parole o di azioni, per un ebreo o un non ebreo, un amico o un nemico, la giustizia deve essere perseguita per se stessa. 

La nostra tradizione insegna che questa ripetizione di “Tzedek” è anche un riferimento obliquo al compromesso. Quando nella filosofia morale ci sono due posizioni che sono ciascuna vera, ciascuna “buona”, eppure queste posizioni si scontrano, ci deve essere un bilanciamento dei “beni”. Tutte le vere decisioni etiche implicano un bilanciamento e una ponderazione di bisogni e benefici in competizione, per esempio per l’individuo e per la società, e quindi l’insegnamento rabbinico usa questo versetto per imporre un compromesso che sia giusto. Quando ci sono due “beni” in competizione, bisogna lavorare per trovare un compromesso accettabile tra di essi.

La terza parola di questo versetto, il verbo imperativo “tirdof”, secondo cui dobbiamo perseguire la giustizia, è ripresa anche dalla nostra tradizione. La giustizia non va mai data per scontata, ma va creata attivamente e continuamente. In un mondo umano guidato dall’interesse personale, è facile cedere alla tentazione di piegare le regole, di trarre vantaggio dai disagi altrui, di distorcere le nostre azioni. Che si tratti di acquistare un articolo a un prezzo così basso che in nessun modo il lavoratore avrebbe potuto essere pagato in modo equo per il suo lavoro, o di usare la nostra posizione per privilegiare noi stessi o la nostra famiglia, tutti noi possiamo cadere in tentazione. La ricerca della giustizia è una lotta continua. Rav Yonatan Chipman ha scritto: “Nessuna persona è ‘giusta’ come qualità fissa del suo essere persona.  La giustizia, la verità, la rettitudine, l’integrità sono tutti risultati di una lotta quotidiana per fare il bene e non essere influenzati o tentati di allontanarsi dalla retta via”. Viviamo la nostra vita aspirando a essere persone migliori, un’aspirazione che può terminare solo con la nostra morte.

               Parashat Shofetim, che prende il nome dall’istituzione di una serie di tribunali e giudici, in realtà riguarda più ampiamente l’intera società israelita e in particolare la sua leadership.  La Bibbia ha un modo di essere rilevante per ogni società e ogni epoca, e le questioni che Mosè affronta in questa parte rimangono pertinenti e significative per noi oggi. Infatti, il comportamento di coloro che occupano posizioni di comando ai nostri giorni ci riguarda tutti. Come nella famosa maledizione, “viviamo in tempi interessanti”, dove i leader di molti Paesi sembrano scegliere strade pericolose, facendo crescere la rabbia, la paura e l’odio verso l’altro.

               Qui in Shofetim abbiamo le regole non solo per un sistema legale, ma anche per il leader politico – il re.  Ci viene detto:   “Se, dopo che sarai entrato nel paese che il tuo Dio ti ha assegnato, ne avrai preso possesso e ti sarai stabilito in esso, e deciderai: “Voglio mettere un re su di me, come fanno tutte le nazioni che mi circondano”, allora sarai libero di mettere un re su di te” (vv. 14-15).

               L’ebraico è potenzialmente ambiguo. Si tratta di un comandamento o semplicemente di un riconoscimento del fatto che le persone possono desiderare di avere una tale forma di leadership anche se non è ciò che Dio preferirebbe?

In parte a causa delle storie raccontate nei libri di Samuele e dei Re, e del peso della tradizione che lega la monarchia al messianismo, molti commentatori medievali decisero di includere la regalità nelle 613 mitzvot della Bibbia – un comandamento di Dio al popolo ebraico.

Ma c’era un importante dissenziente medievale a questa idea, le cui argomentazioni e i cui scritti di teoria politica sono diventati ancora più potenti nella modernità. Mi riferisco, ovviamente, a don Yitzchak Abravanel.

Forse perché aveva ricoperto posizioni di alto livello in tre diverse corti reali: Portogallo, Spagna e Regno di Napoli, il suo punto di vista sulla monarchia era diverso da quello di molti suoi contemporanei. Vide da vicino i pericoli del potere sfrenato di cui era investita la monarchia. E come grammatico riteneva che qualsiasi mandato divino per la monarchia fosse, nel migliore dei casi, un fraintendimento dello spirito dei testi.  Per quanto possa valere, sono d’accordo con lui su questo punto.

Don Yitzchak insisteva sul fatto che agli israeliti non era stato comandato da Dio di scegliere un re, e ne sosteneva la tesi sia dal punto di vista linguistico che antropologico. E ha portato l’idea oltre, dal discorso teologico a quello politico.

Ha posto una domanda che nessuno si poneva. Un re (cioè una figura di comando con potere assoluto) è necessario per il buon funzionamento di uno Stato?  Prima offre, poi elimina l’idea prevalente che la posizione del monarca sia analoga alla posizione di Dio nel mondo, una figura che unifica il popolo, che fornisce continuità, il cui ruolo è quello di concentrare e sostenere il potere, anche se non di usarlo effettivamente.

Scrive che la monarchia non è necessaria. Sebbene il testo biblico mostri che Dio riconosce che il popolo potrebbe desiderare di avere un monarca come tutte le altre persone che lo circondano, Dio non sembra particolarmente entusiasta dell’idea, anzi sembra che Dio permetta che ciò avvenga SOLO come una sorta di ponte verso una società futura che funzionerà in modo molto diverso, con ogni persona responsabile della comunità. Per Abravanel, la monarchia nasce come una risposta alle ansie dell’opinione pubblica riguardo alla leadership. E parte della sua argomentazione si basa proprio su Parashat Shofetim. Il testo, infatti, sottolinea gli interessanti limiti posti a ciò che il monarca potrà fare e avere. Leggiamo:  “[Il re] non terrà molti cavalli e non rimanderà gente in Egitto per aumentare i suoi cavalli, poiché יהוה ti ha avvertito: “Non devi più tornare per quella strada”. Non avrà molte mogli, perché il suo cuore non si smarrisca, e non accumulerà argento e oro a dismisura.  Quando sarà seduto sul suo trono reale, farà scrivere per lui una copia di questo Insegnamento su un rotolo dai sacerdoti levitici. Che rimanga con lui e che lo legga per tutta la vita, affinché impari a riverire il suo Dio יהוה, a osservare fedelmente ogni parola di questo Insegnamento e queste leggi. Così non si comporterà in modo altezzoso con i suoi simili e non devierà dall’Insegnamento a destra o a sinistra, affinché egli e la sua discendenza possano regnare a lungo in mezzo a Israele. (Deut. 17:16-20)

È chiaro che Mosè, nei suoi ultimi giorni di vita, nel tentativo di inculcare valori per costruire e tenere insieme la società israelita, ha anche una visione un po’ strana della monarchia. E cerca di limitare il potere, l’edonismo e l’interesse personale che possono facilmente svilupparsi in questo ruolo.

Don Yitzchak Abravanel non solo argomenta in modo persuasivo contro qualsiasi mandato biblico per una monarchia, ma anche contro qualsiasi mandato per questo tipo di leadership a vita, ereditata o acquisita con altri mezzi. Sostiene che non solo un monarca non è necessario, ma che è una forma di leadership potenzialmente dannosa. E nel suo potente commento offre un altro modello di leadership che, a suo avviso, sarebbe molto migliore: un governo formato da un gruppo di persone, scelte per un breve periodo di tempo, che si riuniscano per prendere le decisioni necessarie al benessere della società e dello Stato. Scrive: “Non è impossibile che una nazione abbia molti leader che si riuniscono, si uniscono e raggiungono un consenso e possono così governare e amministrare la giustizia. . . . La ragione suggerisce che … tra l’uno e i molti, i molti dovrebbero essere ascoltati”.

               Ora don Yitzchak aveva visto da vicino la monarchia assoluta e ne comprendeva i pericolosi difetti. Arrivando in Italia, vide anche le repubbliche di Firenze e Venezia, che operavano al di fuori dell’onnipotente controllo papale e che, secondo lui, avevano una serie di pesi e contrappesi che consentivano un buon governo. Non c’è quindi da stupirsi che egli avesse una forte opinione su come si dovesse formare la leadership e su come fosse necessario comprendere costantemente le esigenze della comunità per fornire un governo appropriato.

               Nei Nevi’im, la seconda sezione della Bibbia ebraica, viene sviluppato un ulteriore modello di leadership. C’è, per volere del popolo (e con una falsa partenza con la regalità di Saul), una monarchia ereditaria che discende da Davide. Già dai tempi di Mosè abbiamo un sacerdozio ereditario, della tribù di Levi, con i sommi sacerdoti che discendono dalla linea di Aronne. Alla fine del Deuteronomio, come leggiamo oggi, c’è un sistema che non è ereditario, ma sembra essere basato sulla conoscenza, sul giudizio e sulla reputazione etica dei suoi partecipanti – i Giudici. Questo sistema affonda le sue radici nel suocero di Mosè, Jethro, che consiglia a Mosè di istituire un sistema di tribunali in modo che la giustizia non venga mai ritardata. E naturalmente abbiamo anche gli individui che sfidano tutto e tutti – i profeti – chiamati a dire la loro verità al potere. I profeti sono individui che non provengono da nessun sistema, classe o famiglia e che non hanno un background comune. Il loro ruolo è quello di richiamare gli imperativi morali ed etici quando questi vengono ignorati, ricordando al popolo la continua vigilanza di Dio sul popolo d’Israele, anche quando Dio può sembrare molto distante.

               Fin dall’inizio l’ebraismo insegna che una buona leadership deve provenire da tutti gli aspetti della società che lavorano insieme, ciascuno portando i propri punti di vista e le proprie priorità.  Il modello prevede una certa stabilità e una certa interruzione, una certa continuità e un’evoluzione o addirittura una rivoluzione. La leadership non è un attributo assoluto – come scoprì anche Mosè – e ci saranno sempre persone che sfideranno la società.

Il Talmud (Shevuot 39a) ci dice che “Kol Yisrael arevim zeh bazeh”, cioè “tutto Israele è responsabile l’uno dell’altro”. L’idea della responsabilità comunitaria e del fatto che ognuno di noi sia in relazione con gli altri è fondamentale per la nostra società.  Il brano prosegue ricordandoci che se vediamo un’altra persona che sta per commettere un peccato dobbiamo intervenire per avvertirla e, se necessario, per fermarla. Non ci è permesso tacere quando vediamo un’ingiustizia. Il punto è sempre che la responsabilità della nostra società non ricade su un piccolo numero di funzionari – anche se sono stati eletti o nominati per ricoprire ruoli con la supervisione o lo status di governare. La responsabilità della nostra società è di tutti noi. Ognuno di noi deve fare un passo avanti verso la leadership.

A breve celebreremo gli Yamim Noraim, le feste di Rosh Hashanah e Yom Kippur, tradizionalmente i grandi giorni del Giudizio in cui ci prendiamo il tempo per guardare nelle nostre anime ed esaminare come stiamo vivendo le nostre vite, e speriamo di tornare alle vie della rettitudine – Tzedek.  Il linguaggio della liturgia ci ricorda che Dio si accorge di noi, si accorge di come viviamo la nostra vita, si accorge del bene e del male che facciamo. Il fatto di pregare in comunità, di confessare insieme in prima persona plurale un elenco di misfatti in ordine alfabetico, ci aiuta ad affrontare il nostro comportamento e incoraggia gli altri a fare lo stesso. Ci viene ricordata – ripetutamente – la fragilità delle nostre vite, la nostra impermanenza, la nostra mortalità. E ci viene ricordato – ripetutamente – che non siamo soli.

A volte si ha l’impressione – e in queste ultime settimane e mesi l’impressione è stata fortissima – che Dio non si sia accorto del nostro dolore, che le nostre leadership ci abbiano deluso, che non ci sia rettitudine né giustizia nel mondo.

               Scrivo questo sermone nel giorno in cui i corpi di sei ostaggi – giovani che erano vivi a Gaza – sono stati riportati in Israele per la sepoltura. Il giorno in cui il dolore all’interno del mondo ebraico è così estremo che si riesce a malapena a respirare. Dov’è Dio? Dove sono i nostri leader? Dov’è la rettitudine?

               Un collega mi ricorda che Dio vede ancora, che Dio si accorge e mantiene saldi i valori della vita, della pace e della convivenza tra gli esseri umani. E che il nostro ruolo è quello di manifestare questi valori e di portarli nel mondo. “Tzedek Tzedek tirdof” – Non smettere mai di perseguire la rettitudine, qualunque siano le circostanze, qualunque sia il contesto difficile.