Yom Kippur sermon Lev Chadash : A day for joy and not despair

L’italiano segue l’inglese

Yom Kippur Morning Lev Chadash 2022

We read in the Mishnah “Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel said: There were no days as joyous for the Jewish people as the fifteenth of Av and as Yom Kippur …..And, it says: “Go forth, daughters of Zion, and gaze upon King Solomon, upon the crown with which his mother crowned him on the day of his wedding, and on the day of the gladness of his heart” (Song of Songs 3:11). This verse is explained as an allusion to special days: “On the day of his wedding”; this is the giving of the Torah through the second set of tablets on Yom Kippur. The name King Solomon in this context, which also means king of peace, is interpreted as a reference to God. “And on the day of the gladness of his heart”; this is the building of the Temple, may it be rebuilt speedily in our days.   Ta’anit 4:8

It is a complicated Mishna to make sense of – what is it trying to tell us by drawing these connections between the 15th day of Av and the 10th day of Tishrei (Yom Kippur)? And why in this tractate at all?

Ta’anit (literally meaning Fast Days) deals mainly with stressful  events which are assumed to be punishments from God, such as droughts, and the community’s response of supplication and fasting in order to get God to notice their distress and forgive their sins and end the traumatic situation.  And yet its very final Mishnah speaks about what it calls the two happiest days in the Jewish calendar: and these two days are very different types of event with apparently very little in common.

There are of course some similarities – the wearing of white on both days for example. White in the ancient world was the colour of mourning, and also the colour of equality –  dyes were expensive and coloured clothing only for the wealthy. So whether it was the young women looking for a husband and masking their social status by wearing not only white clothing but borrowed clothing; or the community members coming looking for forgiveness and giving up all signs of status and privilege among the rest of the community at prayer – both times the wearers are looking for something special: – love either human or divine, a bridge to the other, a relationship beginning….

Tu b’Av is well known for being a time for love and romance, but Kippur? It does seem a little surprising that on a day when we deny ourselves so much of the world, the Mishnah refers to it and its traditions as being a day for exploring loving relationships.

The Mishnah alludes to love at Yom Kippur with its reference to the giving of the second set of tablets at Sinai – the second chance given to Moses and the people after they committed the sin of building and worshiping the golden calf when they feared that Moses would not return to them. More than that, the Torah is spoken of in Rabbinic tradition as being the ketubah, the marriage contract, in the relationship between the people Israel and God. The love is also apparent – as the Gemara will go on to tell us, in the aspects of Yom Kippur which speak of pardon and forgiveness, ways that bring us closer and in loving relationship with God.

So we learn from this final mishnah of Ta’anit that Yom Kippur is a day for love and a day for joy.

I think we instinctively know this about Yom Kippur. Traditionally we also wear white – our kittels, the shrouds we will wear in the grave. We wear them as a sort of “dress rehearsal” for death, a reminder of our mortality, yet we know that at the end of the day we will take them off and return to life.  Our service began with the prayer “Kol HaNedarim” where we remind ourselves and God that, try as we may, the chances are that we will not live up to our vows and promises to God in the coming year, and so we make that knowledge public in that very first prayer of the many we will recite in the hours ahead.

The music for the Neilah service at the other end of Kippur is happy – El Nora Alila changes from the mournful minor key we have traditionally been using up till now, and becomes a celebration of what we have been doing.  Even as the Gates of Prayer are closing we are confident God will hear us and forgive us.

This whole period is one of second chances. And third chances, and fourth… We have the whole of the month of Elul to reflect, the Day of Rosh Hashanah to stand in Judgment, the Ten Days of Return to consider, then the day of Yom Kippur for the judgment to be sealed – yet we have until the end of Sukkot for it to be properly fixed – and then of course is Yom Kippur Katan – the minor Yom Kippur the day before each new month, when God waits for us to repent –  and to add to our chances of forgiveness, we learn that “the Gates of prayer are sometimes open and sometimes shut but the Gates of Repentance are always open” (Lam Rabbah 3:43)

Yom Kippur is a day where we act out our own mortality, and return to life with the perspective that only comes when we confront the fact that every single one of us is on the road that will lead to our death, while realising that we are not yet at the destination. We still have life to live and we have second chances to take, and we have a loving God who patiently waits for us to live our lives better. We have the chance to repent and to repair, make a new start because today is the first day of the rest of our lives. This perspective, this acknowledgement of possibilities, is what brings us joy on this most solemn of festivals.

Rabbi Nachman of Bratslav famously wrote that it is forbidden to despair. He was a man who was often mired in depressions yet who wrote that maintaining a “state of happiness is the foundation of all Jewish observance”, that “if you feel no joy when you are beginning your prayers, compel yourself to be joyful, and real joy will follow”. He suggested that joyful melodies would be helpful, and that pretending to be happy even if one is depressed, will bring joy – an early version of what is known in English as “fake it till you make it”

Yet we don’t have to fake it – despair’s antonym is not joy, but hope. And hope is in Judaism’s very DNA. Rabbi Jonathan Sacks calls it Judaism’s gift to the world, writing –  ““Western civilization is the product of two cultures: ancient Greece and ancient Israel. The Greeks believed in fate: the future is determined by the past. Jews believed in freedom: there is no ‘evil decree’ that cannot be averted. The Greeks gave the world the concept of tragedy. Jews gave it the idea of hope.”….

And further he wrote: “To be a Jew is to be an agent of hope in a world serially threatened by despair, …. Judaism is a sustained struggle…against the world that is, in the name of the world that could be, should be, but is not yet.”

Yom Kippur is the very embodiment of hope.

There is a tradition to recite psalm 27 every day from the beginning of Elul until Hoshanah Rabbah (the seventh day of Sukkot). Beginning “God is my light and my salvation”, a verse that is understood to refer both to Rosh Hashanah (light) and Yom Kippur (salvation), it also references God sheltering us under the divine Sukkah.  

The psalm begins confidently:  “God is my light and my help; whom should I fear?/ God  is the stronghold of my life, whom should I dread?”

before taking us on a journey through different kinds of fear, from fear of enemies to fear of parental abandonment before issuing the imperative :  “Hope in God, be strong and let your heart take courage, hope in God.”

The psalm contains words of encouragement, making it an important addition to the liturgy at this time, the Yamim Noraim, the Days of Awe, when every Jew is fearful about their fate, and reminded to pray and to know that God will hear and respond. It is a psalm that demands of us to hope – even when the situation seems hopeless and despair is hard to resist.

The last line : Kaveh el Adonai, chazak v’amatz libehkha, ukaveh el Adonai  — Hope in the Eternal One; be strong and of good courage!  Hope in God” is particularly powerful.”  

The middle of that verse: Chazak v’amatz” be strong and of good courage is what Moses says to Joshua when he passes on the leadership of the people. And in the first chapter of the Book of Joshua, God speaks to Joshua and offers this instruction three times (1:6,7,9), reminding him of God’s watchful presence.

Bookending that phrase are the imperatives “Hope in God”!  At moments of despair the prescription is “Tikvah” – hope, an idea embodied in the National Anthem of Israel.

Is it any easier to make ourselves hope than to make ourselves joyful? I think that it is. The Hebrew root of the word for hope “k-v-h” is a rope or a cord. It is something that we can hold on to, that we can bind ourselves to, when all around us feels chaotic and dangerous. The RaMChaL (Moses Haim Luzzatto, 18th century Italian mystic and poet) saw hope as a cord that was capable of reaching into the heavens, joining us to God.  The modern theologian Eugene Borowitz adds the dimension of time to this idea when he points out that this root only appears once in the Five books of Moses, where it is translated as “I wait for Your salvation God” (Genesis 49:18), showing that “hope” is a way to reach into the future. So “tikvah” hope, is something that can keep us afloat in difficult times and that can link us to a possible future of better times, a future of connection with God.

“It is forbidden to despair.”

 “Yom Kippur is a day for joy.”

How do we reach this joy? By knowing that life is not over, that things can change and be changed, by holding onto hope for a better world and a better future.

Rabbi Nachman of Bratslav, a man who was no stranger to fear or to despair, wrote another famous statement. Kol ha’olam kulo gesher tzar m’od, v’ha’ikkar lo yitpached clal ” – The whole world is a very narrow bridge, and the important principle is not to make ourselves afraid”  (the popular song is a misquote – he doesn’t say not to be afraid, but not to paralyse ourselves with fear).

In times of chaos and danger in our worlds, in the politics and in the economy and in the shifts in culture from democracy to populism or authoritarianism, it is important that we do not paralyse ourselves with fear, that we do not despair, but that we continue to hold onto hope and to find joy in our lives.

It isn’t as hard to do as we might fear. There is a story of Rabbi Abraham  Joshua Heschel who proclaimed to his students “I saw a miracle this morning”. The students were amazed and asked “Rabbi, what was the miracle that you saw?” Heschel replied – “The sun came up”

To find joy, to hold onto hope, to overcome despair can be as simple as letting ourselves celebrate the ordinary wonder in the world around us. To notice that beyond our small view the world is mysterious and extraordinary. Heschel called it “radical amazement”.  He wrote “The grandeur or mystery of being is not a particular puzzle to the mind, as, for example, the cause of volcanic eruptions. We do not have to go to the end of reasoning to encounter it. Grandeur or mystery is something with which we are confronted everywhere and at all times. Even the very act of thinking baffles our thinking”

So if you feel you cannot obey Nachman’s imperative to not despair, or to compel yourself to feel joy in prayer, hold on to some radical amazement, notice the everyday miracles in our world, and find the cord of hope that threads through them. Join yourself through time and space to the Jewish people  and God with this cord, and know that tonight you will return from the dress rehearsal for death, and will take the offer of living as your best self.

Sermone per Shacharit Yom Kippur a Lev Chadash 2022

Di rav Sylvia Rothschild

            Leggiamo nella Mishnà “Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel disse: ‘Non ci sono stati giorni così gioiosi per il popolo ebraico come il quindicesimo di Av e come Yom Kippur’ ….. E dice: ‘Uscite a vedere, o figlie di Sion, il Re Salomone, con la corona di cui lo ha incoronato sua madre nel giorno delle sue nozze, nel giorno della gioia del suo cuore’ (Cantico dei Cantici 3:11). Questo versetto è spiegato come un’allusione a giorni speciali: ‘Il giorno delle sue nozze’; questo è il dono della Torà attraverso la seconda serie di tavole nello Yom Kippur. Il nome Re Salomone in questo contesto, che significa anche re della pace, viene interpretato come un riferimento a Dio. ‘E nel giorno della gioia del suo cuore’; questo è l’edificio del Tempio, possa essere ricostruito presto ai nostri giorni”. Ta’anit 4:8

            È una Mishna a cui è complicato dare un senso: cosa sta cercando di dirci tracciando queste connessioni tra il quindicesimo giorno di Av (Tu be Av) e il decimo giorno di Tishri (Yom Kippur)? E perché in questo trattato?

            Ta’anit (che letteralmente significa giorni di digiuno) riguarda principalmente gli eventi stressanti che si presume siano punizioni di Dio, come la siccità. Riguarda inoltre la risposta dei membri della comunità, come la supplica e il digiuno, al fine di convincere Dio a notare la loro angoscia, perdonare i loro peccati e porre fine alla situazione traumatica. Eppure questa Mishnà parla dei due giorni più felici del calendario ebraico: e questi due giorni costituiscono due tipi di eventi molto diversi tra loro, apparentemente con molto poco in comune.

            Ci sono ovviamente alcune somiglianze, ad esempio l’uso del bianco in entrambi i giorni. Il bianco nel mondo antico era il colore del lutto e anche il colore dell’uguaglianza: le tinture erano costose e i vestiti colorati erano solo per i ricchi. Quindi sia che fossero le giovani donne che cercavano marito e mascheravano il loro status sociale indossando non solo abiti bianchi ma anche vestiti presi in prestito; o i membri della comunità in cerca di perdono, rinunciando a tutti i segni di status e privilegio, tra il resto della comunità in preghiera: entrambe le volte chi indossa il bianco è alla ricerca di qualcosa di speciale: l’amore umano o divino, un ponte per l’altro, un inizio di relazione….

            Tu be Av è rinomato per essere un momento di amore e romanticismo, ma Kippur? È un po’ sorprendente che in un giorno in cui ci rinneghiamo così tanto del mondo, la Mishnà si riferisca ad esso e alle sue tradizioni come a un giorno per esplorare le relazioni amorose.

            La Mishnà allude all’amore nello Yom Kippur con il suo riferimento alla seconda consegna di tavole al Sinai, la seconda possibilità data a Mosè e al popolo dopo aver commesso il peccato di costruire e adorare il vitello d’oro quando temevano che Mosè non sarebbe tornato da loro. Inoltre, nella tradizione rabbinica si parla della Torà come della ketubà, il contratto matrimoniale, nel rapporto tra il popolo di Israele e Dio. L’amore è anche evidente, come continuerà a dirci la Gemara, negli aspetti dello Yom Kippur che parlano di perdono, modalità che ci avvicinano a una relazione d’amore con Dio.

            Quindi impariamo da questa mishnà finale di Ta’anit che Yom Kippur è un giorno per l’amore e un giorno per la gioia.

            Penso che per Yom Kippur lo sappiamo istintivamente. Tradizionalmente indossiamo anche il bianco: i nostri kittel, i sudari che indosseremo nella tomba. Li indossiamo come una sorta di “prova generale” per la morte, un ricordo della nostra mortalità, eppure sappiamo che alla fine della giornata li toglieremo e torneremo in vita. Il nostro servizio è iniziato con la preghiera “Kol HaNedarim” in cui ricordiamo a noi stessi e a Dio che, per quanto ci proviamo, è probabile che non manterremo i nostri voti e le nostre promesse a Dio nel prossimo anno, e quindi facciamo questa ammissione pubblica in quella primissima preghiera delle tante che reciteremo nelle prossime ore.

            La musica per il servizio di Neilà all’altro capo del Kippur è felice: El Nora Alilà cambia dalla triste tonalità minore che abbiamo tradizionalmente usato fino ad ora e diventa una celebrazione di ciò che abbiamo fatto. Anche se i Cancelli della Preghiera si stanno chiudendo, siamo fiduciosi che Dio ci ascolterà e ci perdonerà.

            Questo periodo è interamente costellato da seconde possibilità. E la terza possibilità, e la quarta… Abbiamo tutto il mese di Elul per riflettere, il Giorno di Rosh Hashanà da considerare in Giudizio, i Dieci Giorni del Ritorno da considerare, poi il giorno dello Yom Kippur per il suggello del giudizio, eppure abbiamo tempo fino alla fine di Sukkot per sistemarlo adeguatamente. Poi ovviamente c’è Yom Kippur Katan: lo Yom Kippur minore, il giorno prima di ogni nuovo mese, quando Dio aspetta che ci pentiamo e apprendiamo che, per aumentare le nostre possibilità di perdono, “le Porte della preghiera sono talvolta aperte e talvolta chiuse, ma le Porte del pentimento sono sempre aperte”. (Lam Rabbà 3:43)

            Yom Kippur è un giorno in cui recitiamo la nostra mortalità e torniamo alla vita con la prospettiva che si apre solo affrontando il fatto che ognuno di noi è sulla strada che porterà alla propria morte, e nel renderci conto che non siamo ancora giunti a destinazione. Abbiamo ancora vita da vivere e abbiamo una seconda possibilità da cogliere, e abbiamo un Dio amorevole che aspetta pazientemente che noi viviamo meglio le nostre vite. Abbiamo la possibilità di pentirci e di riparare, di ricominciare perché oggi è il primo giorno del resto della nostra vita. Questa prospettiva, questo riconoscimento delle possibilità, è ciò che ci porta gioia in questa festa più solenne.

            Il rabbino Nachman di Breslav scrisse notoriamente che è proibito disperare. Era un uomo che era spesso impantanato nelle depressioni, eppure scrisse che mantenere uno “stato di felicità è il fondamento di tutta l’osservanza ebraica”, che “se non provi gioia quando inizi le tue preghiere, sforzati di essere gioioso e seguirà la vera gioia”. Ha suggerito che melodie gioiose sarebbero state utili e che fingere di essere felici anche se si è depressi avrebbe portato gioia – una prima versione di ciò che è noto in inglese come “fake it till you make it” – fingi finché non si realizza (N.d.T.).

            Eppure non dobbiamo fingere: il contrario di disperazione non è gioia, ma speranza. E la speranza è nel DNA stesso dell’ebraismo. Il rabbino Jonathan Sacks lo chiama il dono del giudaismo al mondo, scrivendo: “La civiltà occidentale è il prodotto di due culture: l’antica Grecia e l’antico Israele. I greci credevano nel destino: il futuro è determinato dal passato. Gli ebrei credevano nella libertà: non esiste ‘decreto malvagio’ che non possa essere evitato. I greci hanno dato al mondo il concetto di tragedia. Gli ebrei gli diedero l’idea della speranza”.

            Scrisse inoltre: “Essere ebreo significa essere un agente di speranza in un mondo serialmente minacciato dalla disperazione, …. L’ebraismo è una lotta continua… contro il mondo che è, in nome del mondo che potrebbe essere, dovrebbe essere, ma non è ancora”.

            Yom Kippur è l’incarnazione stessa della speranza.

            C’è la tradizione di recitare il salmo 27 ogni giorno dall’inizio di Elul fino a Hoshanà Rabbà (il settimo giorno di Sukkot). Iniziando con “Il Signore è la mia luce e la mia salvezza”, un verso che si intende riferito sia a Rosh Hashanà (luce) che a Yom Kippur (salvezza), fa anche riferimento a Dio che ci protegge sotto la divina Sukkà.

            Il salmo inizia fiducioso: “Il Signore è la mia luce e ila mia salvezza; di chi debbo avere paura?/Dio è la fortezza della mia vita, chi dovrei temere?”prima di accompagnarci in un viaggio attraverso diversi tipi di paura, dalla paura dei nemici alla paura dell’abbandono dei genitori, prima di pronunciare l’imperativo: “Spera nel Signore, sii forte e sia vigoroso il tuo cuore e spera nel Signore”.

            Il salmo contiene parole di incoraggiamento, che lo rendono un’importante aggiunta alla liturgia in questo momento, gli Yamim Noraim, i giorni di timore reverenziale, in cui ogni ebreo ha paura del proprio destino e il salmo gli ricorda di pregare e di sapere che Dio ascolterà e risponderà. È un salmo che ci chiede di sperare, anche quando la situazione sembra disperata ed è difficile resistere alla disperazione.

            L’ultima riga: “Kavè el Adonai, chazak v’amatz libehkha, ukavè el Adonai — Spera nel Signore, sii forte e sia vigoroso il tuo cuore e spera nel Signore” è particolarmente potente.

            La parte centrale di quel versetto: “Chazak v’amatz”, sii forte e coraggioso, è ciò che Mosè dice a Giosuè quando gli passa la guida del popolo. E nel primo capitolo del Libro di Giosuè, Dio parla a Giosuè e offre questa istruzione tre volte (1:6,7,9), ricordandogli la presenza vigile di Dio.

            All’inizio e alla fine di quella frase ci sono gli imperativi “Speranza in Dio”! Nei momenti di disperazione la ricetta è “Tikvà”, speranza, un’idea incarnata nell’inno nazionale di Israele.

            È più facile darci speranza che renderci gioiosi? Penso che lo sia. La radice ebraica della parola per speranza “k-v-h” significa corda. È qualcosa a cui possiamo aggrapparci, a cui possiamo legarci, quando tutto intorno a noi si sente caos e pericolo. Il RaMChaL (Moses Haim Luzzatto, mistico e poeta italiano del XVIII secolo) vedeva la speranza come una corda capace di raggiungere il cielo, unendosi a Dio. Il teologo moderno Eugene Borowitz aggiunge la dimensione del tempo a questa idea quando fa notare che questa radice compare solo una volta nei Cinque libri di Mosè, dove è tradotta come “Io spero, O Signore, nella tua salvezza” (Genesi 49,18), mostrando che la “speranza” è un modo per raggiungere il futuro. Quindi la speranza, “tikvà”, è qualcosa che può tenerci a galla in tempi difficili e che può collegarci a un possibile futuro di tempi migliori, un futuro di connessione con Dio.

            “È vietato disperare”.

            “Lo Yom Kippur è un giorno di gioia.”

            Come raggiungiamo questa gioia? Sapendo che la vita non è finita, che le cose possono cambiare ed essere cambiate, mantenendo la speranza per un mondo migliore e un futuro migliore.

            Il rabbino Nachman di Breslav, che non era estraneo alla paura o alla disperazione, scrisse un’altra famosa dichiarazione. “Kol ha’olam kulo gesher tzar m’od, v’ha’ikkar lo yitpached clal – Il mondo intero è un ponte molto stretto, e il principio importante è non avere paura” (la popolare canzone è una citazione errata: lui non dice di non avere paura, ma di non paralizzarci con la paura).

            In tempi di caos e pericolo nei nostri mondi, nella politica e nell’economia e nei cambiamenti della cultura dalla democrazia al populismo o all’autoritarismo, è importante non paralizzarci con la paura, non disperare, ma continuare a mantenere la speranza e a trovare gioia nelle nostre vite.

            Non è così difficile da fare come potremmo temere. C’è una storia sul rabbino Abraham Joshua Heschel che proclamò ai suoi studenti “Ho visto un miracolo questa mattina”. Gli studenti rimasero stupiti e chiesero “Rabbino, qual è stato il miracolo che hai visto?” Heschel rispose: “Il sole è sorto”.

            Trovare la gioia, mantenere la speranza, superare la disperazione può essere semplice come permetterci di celebrare la meraviglia ordinaria nel mondo che ci circonda. Per notare che al di là della nostra piccola visione il mondo è misterioso e straordinario. Heschel lo definiva “stupore radicale”. Scrisse: “La grandezza o il mistero dell’essere non è un particolare enigma per la mente, come, ad esempio, la causa delle eruzioni vulcaniche. Non dobbiamo andare alla fine del ragionamento per incontrarlo. La grandezza o il mistero è qualcosa con cui ci confrontiamo ovunque e in ogni momento. Anche l’atto stesso di pensare confonde il nostro pensiero”.

            Quindi, se ritieni di non poter obbedire all’imperativo di Nachman di non disperare o di costringerti a provare gioia nella preghiera, mantieni uno stupore radicale, nota i miracoli quotidiani nel nostro mondo e trova la corda della speranza che li attraversa. Unisciti attraverso il tempo e lo spazio al popolo ebraico e a Dio con questa corda, e sappi che stasera tornerai dalle prove generali per la morte e accetterai l’offerta di vivere come un te stesso migliore.

Traduzione dall’inglese di Eva Mangialajo Rantzer

Naso. Birkat Cohanim – we are commanded to bless God’s creation with love

Rabbi Elazar ben Shammua was once asked by his disciples: To what do you attribute your longevity? He said to them: In all my days, I never made a shortcut [kappendarya] through a synagogue. Nor did I ever stride over the heads of the sacred people, i.e., I never stepped over people sitting in the study hall in order to reach my place, so as not to appear scornful of them. And I never lifted my hands for the Priestly Benediction without first reciting a blessing. The Gemara asks: What blessing does the priests recite before the benediction? Rabbi Zeira says that Rav Ḥisda says: Blessed are You, Eternal our God, Sovereign of the universe, Who has sanctified us with the sanctity of Aaron and commanded us to bless Your people, Israel, with love.  (BT Sota 39a)

This blessing is unique in its formulation. The Cohanim (priesthood) are commanded to perform the blessing with intentional and conscious love. While there are three commandments to love in Torah To “love your neighbour as yourself”(Leviticus 19:18); To “love the stranger as yourself” (Leviticus 19:34); and “You shall love the Eternal your God for all your heart, soul and strength” (Deuteronomy 6:4), there is no other blessing over a commandment that requires us to perform it “with love”

Rav Joseph B Soloveitchik  taught that this blessing, recited by the Kohanim prior to their delivering God’s Birkat Kohanim to God’s People, has much to teach us with its unique commandment to bless God’s people Israel with love. Rav Soloveitchik explains that this is not a blessing on the mitzvah per se “but it is a desire for the Priestly Blessing to be accompanied by love.”

He notes that the commandment of Birkat Cohanim has two separate parts – there is “the  transmission of a direct blessing from God” as the priests speak the words and God blesses the people and there is also  hashra’at ha-Shechinah (the manifestation of God’s presence).”

In effect, when the  Birkat Kohanim is recited, there “is a direct meeting with the Shechinah that presents us with an intimate encounter in which we come [so to speak] face to face with God.” (Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik, Darosh Darash Yosef: Discourses of Rav Yosef Dov Halevi Soloveitchik on the Weekly Parashah)

Unlike any other prayer or any other benediction, this ancient text of threefold blessing, given in community yet addressed in the singular to each and every person,  has the power to eradicate the distance between the people and God. And so, says Rav Soloveitchik, we are reminded to enact it with intentional and deliberate love.

When Moses is told to tell Aaron about the giving of this blessing, the text is clear. The priests will say the words, but the blessing is to come directly from God. This is why the Cohanim uttering the words do not have to be deeply righteous or saintly people necessarily – they are only the vessels through which the blessings come.  On ascending the bimah to give the blessing they become faceless, their heads covered by their tallit they neither look directly at the people nor do the people look directly at them. Their role overrides any personal history at this moment.

And yet – this is more than those of Aaronic descent being the conduit for a divine blessing. As Rav Soloveitchik understands the event, they are not only conveying the divine blessing but they are re-enacting hashra’at ha-Shechinah – literally creating an immediate and intimate encounter between God and the Jewish people.

By doing this with intentional love, it seems to me that the Cohanim are taking on something of the role or characteristic of the Divine.  Unconditional love, deliberate and intentional love, is a pre-requisite of the ceremony. Regardless of who is saying the words of blessing, regardless of the actions and choices of each of the individuals receiving those words of blessing, the bond is formed through loving acceptance of the other.

The word for love used in the blessing “ahavah” is first used in the narrative the Akedah, when God speaks to Abraham of his son Isaac “the one you love” before testing that love to the limit. Ahavah seems to be used biblically across a full spectrum of loving feelings – from parental love to sensual love to loving friendship to spiritual love.  All use the verbal root alef hey beit.

The mystical tradition notes that the numerical value of ahavah (love) and echad (one) are the same – 13, and that the verse that precedes the command us to love God ends with the word “Echad” – describing the unity of God – a verse best known as the first line of the shema.

From this comes the idea that perceiving unity is the ultimate objective of love, and that love both brings the understanding that not only God is One, but creation too is connected and makes up one whole – even while we tend to note diversity and difference more frequently than we note unity and similarity.

So why are we commanded to love God? Because loving God – who is unified and whole – should cause us to love Creation – which is unified and whole. Loving God means we have to love people – all people, regardless of whether we might find them appealing or appalling, regardless of whether they are “of us” or are different from us.

The Talmud (Yoma 9b)  tells us that the destruction of Jerusalem and the Exile of the Jewish people from the Land of Israel was a direct result of sinat chinam –  causeless hatred.  Rav Abraham Isaac Kook famously wrote that to rebuild Israel we would have to cultivate ahavat chinam – causeless love.

Causeless love is the requirement in the blessing before Birkat Cohanim, the priestly blessing. It is the only time we say the blessing to fulfil a mitzvah with these words. We need to nurture and cultivate the ability to causeless love for the other, not because this makes us fit to be the conduit for God’s blessing in the world, but because this makes us able to bring God’s presence into the world.

As Rabbi Akiva said, “Love your neighbour as yourself is the foundational principle (klal gadol) of Torah”.   He was not talking about love as feelings, nor as something to be earned or deserved, but to treat other human being with respect, with justice, with awareness that they too are part of the Unity that God has created, that they are part of us as we are part of them.

In this time of increasing polarisation, of rising anxiety and tensions, of spewing hatred in social media and on our streets, it is time to remember the unique formulation of blessing before enacting hashra’at ha-Shechinah, trying to bring God into the world; time to remember and be intentional knowing that God commands us to treat God’s people with love.

24th Ellul – checking how we are living, ensuring we live on.

During Ellul we are expected to make a “Heshbon Nefesh” – literally an accounting of the soul.  It is a time for honest reflection, a time to look at what we have done, what we failed to do, what we have become as a consequence. The language of the Heshbon Nefesh is business-like – there is a sort of book-keeping element to it as we are reminded, in the words of Pirkei  Avot, that “The day is short, the work is great, the workers are lazy, the payment is much, and the Master of the House is pressing.”

For some, weighing up a mitzvah against a missed opportunity to do a mitzvah, might be a sensible and comfortable way to proceed. But there are other ways to do this in our tradition, and my favourite is framed as Tzava’ah – the writing of an ethical will.

In order to really make a Heshbon Nefesh we need to clarify and explicate what truly is important for us, to think about our soul at the end of its earthly existence standing before the Holy One. The day is short, the work is great – and God waits to see what we make of our lives.

In the book of Genesis there is an interesting deathbed scene.  Jacob says to his long-lost son Joseph

אָמוּתָה הַפָּעַם אַחֲרֵי רְאוֹתִי אֶת־פָּנֶיךָ כִּי עוֹדְךָ חָי:

Translated usually as “Now I can die, for I have seen your face [and know that] you are indeed alive.”

Yet the Hebrew is not quite as clear as the translation would have us think – Jacob actually says “I can die this time” – as if there are many deaths in life, and this particular event is the latest in a chain of other deaths.

So what is Jacob really saying when he speaks of more than one death? There is a commentary on this verse that reads it as teaching that while everyone dies physically,  one may also die – or not die – spiritually.  How would one not die spiritually? By ensuring that one’s actions in the world help to sustain it, by leaving a legacy of values as well as of mitzvot, by telling stories that fix in the memory, by teaching others what is truly important in life so that they may use the guidance “b’shem omro” –recalling the memory of the person who helped them to understand.

When God speaks of Abraham just before the destruction of Sodom, God reflects on their relationship and says  (Gen 18:19)

כִּי יְדַעְתִּיו לְמַעַן אֲשֶׁר יְצַוֶּה אֶת־בָּנָיו וְאֶת־בֵּיתוֹ אַחֲרָיו וְשָׁמְרוּ דֶּרֶךְ יְהֹוָה לַעֲשֹוֹת צְדָקָה וּמִשְׁפָּט

For I have known him in order that he may instruct his children and his household after him, to keep the ways of the Eternal to do צְדָקָה וּמִשְׁפָּט righteousness and justice.

The idea that Abraham must instruct (Tza’va’ah) his descendants with the values God wants them to have is particularly powerful in this context. Right now Abraham has only the promise of Isaac to be born, we are about to see a whole city – with parents and children – destroyed. But in this moment of potential and of uncertainty, comes the idea of passing on values into the future. And from here comes the notion of the ethical will (tzava’ah) ,  a document that would go alongside a will detailing what to do with possessions and physical objects of value, and instead detailing the ethics and values the you want your descendants or students or any reader of the document to know and to absorb them into the way they will live their life.

So what do we want to be remembered for? What do we want to pass on as good ethical guidance to those we love? What is the particular wisdom that means that passing it to the next generations we are ensuring we will die only physically, but not spiritually- for we will continue to exist in the stories, the memories, the values and the love the next generations will absorb from us.

Take some time to reflect not just on what we have or have not done, but what we would like to be remembered for, what legacy of memories and illustrative values we would like our lives to model. Writing an ethical will can be transformative, as it helps remind us of what we would like our lives to embody, and that reminder is the template against which our Heshbon Nefesh will be measured.

18th Elul – I am my beloved’s and my beloved is mine – and our love can transform the world

18th Elul

The name of this month of Elul can be seen as an acronym for the phrase

אֲנִ֤י לְדוֹדִי֙ וְדוֹדִ֣י לִ֔י

I am my beloved’s and my beloved is mine (Song of Songs 6:3)

One would normally expect the month leading up to the Day of Judgment and the Day for Atonement to be less about love and more about Awe – after all these are the Yamim Noraim, the Days of Awe.  Indeed the Maharal of Prague  Judah Loewe ben Bezalel (1520 – 1609) wrote of this month “All the month of Elul, before eating and sleeping, a person should look into their soul and search their deeds, that they may make confession.”

While the awe is appropriate, and a certain fearfulness will facilitate our search of our souls in order to repent, the idea that this is done within the context of love, of the love between God and us, is a powerful one.  The work of Elul is not about punishment, not a negative self-loathing, but is about closeness to the love for God and the love of God. We are actively searching for a positive relationship, which will help us to live better, to be better, and we do this under the compassionate gaze of God.

There is a myth that Judaism is not a religion of love – that the “God of the Old Testament” is all about war and vengeance. That is simply not true, but a polemic designed to misinform and miscast the Hebrew bible in order for other traditions to look somehow nicer.

“The God of the Old Testament” – the God of the Hebrew Bible – is all about love. We are commanded in the Hebrew bible to love God, to love other people –whoever they might be and however distant from our own group – and indeed to love ourselves.  This is not a thoughtless and sentimental love, but love as action, love that shows itself in how we behave, love that changes us and changes the world.

The month of Elul, which might be misunderstood to be a month of fear and trembling for what is to come, is connected in Midrash not just with love, but the love from Song of Songs – the total immersive and uncritical feelings of two lovers wrapped up in each other.  That one of the lovers is us, and the other is God, tells us a great deal of how confident rabbinic Judaism is in the compassionate and supportive care God is offering us. We only need to make that first step.

17th Elul: everything is waiting to be hallowed by you

17 Elul

“Love your neighbour as yourself; I am Adonai” (Leviticus 19:18). There is a Chasidic interpretation of the last words of this verse: “I am Adonai.” – “You think that I am far away from you, but in your love for your neighbour you will find Me; not in their love for you but in your love for them.  The one who loves brings God and the world together. The meaning of this teaching is: You yourself must begin. Existence will remain meaningless for you if you yourself do not penetrate into it with active love, and if you do not in this way discover its meaning for yourself. Everything is waiting to be hallowed by you; it is waiting to be disclosed and to be realized by you. For the sake of this, your beginning, God created the world. –Martin Buber 1952

The one who loves brings God and the world together. What is this love? It is not sentimentality nor is it romantic attachment. Love is an action rather than a feeling – we are commanded to Love God in Deuteronomy 6:5 with all our heart (intellect), all our nefesh (soul/ being) and all our power /strength (me’od).

Love is an action – when we work at love, by caring for the needs of others, by looking outside our own needs and wants and instead thinking about the community in which we live, the humanity of the other – then we bring God and the world together.

Martin Buber’s world view, that everything is waiting to be hallowed by our actions, and it was for this that the world was created, must surely  inform our practice in Elul, as we reflect on what we have done and not done, and the work that is waiting only for us to see it and do it.

As Rabbi Tarfon says (Pirkei Avot 2:20) “The day is short, the work is great, the workers are lazy, the reward is great, and the Master of the house presses.”

He also said It is not your duty to finish the work, but neither are you at liberty to neglect it (2:16)

More than half way through Elul, it is time to do the work of active love.

 

Vayishlach – Dina,objectified and silent, a pawn in the game of male power

The only daughter of Jacob who is recorded in bible is Dina, the daughter of Leah. Born after her mother has given birth to six sons, she is named by her mother as her brothers were, but unlike their naming no meaning is ascribed to the name so given. (Gen 30:21)

We know nothing of her until her father Jacob had taken his family and wealth and left Haran, had had his name changed to Israel at the ford of Jabok,  had encountered and made his peace with Esau his brother, and then settled down, first in Succot and then in the city of Shechem in the land of Canaan, buying land in which to spread his tent and erecting an altar he called “El-elohei-yisrael” (Gen 33:17-20)

And then her presence is made known to us, with a narrative that seems quite separate from all that has happened before.  The story is a difficult one. It begins with the sentence that Dina, daughter of Leah whom she had borne to Jacob, went out to see the daughters of the land.

וַתֵּצֵ֤א דִינָה֙ בַּת־לֵאָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר יָֽלְדָ֖ה לְיַֽעֲקֹ֑ב לִרְא֖וֹת בִּבְנ֥וֹת הָאָֽרֶץ:

And it ends with the voices of her brothers Shimon and Levi asking “should one treat our sister as a prostitute?”    הַֽכְזוֹנָ֕ה יַֽעֲשֶׂ֖ה אֶת־אֲחוֹתֵֽנוּ:

But what happens between these two sentences?  And is this a story about Dina, or is it really a story about the men in the family?

Dina goes out to meet the local women.  We can only guess why she does this and what is in her mind, for she does not ever speak to us in the text nor does the narrative give us an explanation or any insight into her thinking. Her father has settled in the land, he has done business with the local chieftain Hamor, father of Shechem.  They are at peace. So why would a girl with twelve brothers and no sisters that we know of not want to go out to meet the local girls, and why should anyone think she should not have done so, or that she  should even have been prevented from doing so?  Yet after that moment, the story is all about the status of the men.

Shechem, the pampered prince of the area sees her and so the story really begins. For instead of her “seeing” the local girls she herself is seen. He takes her and he lies with her and “va’y’anei’ha”. And his soul cleaves to Dina daughter of Jacob and he loves the girl and he speaks to her heart.

וַיַּ֨רְא אֹתָ֜הּ שְׁכֶ֧ם בֶּן־חֲמ֛וֹר הַֽחִוִּ֖י נְשִׂ֣יא הָאָ֑רֶץ וַיִּקַּ֥ח אֹתָ֛הּ וַיִּשְׁכַּ֥ב אֹתָ֖הּ וַיְעַנֶּֽהָ:  וַתִּדְבַּ֣ק נַפְשׁ֔וֹ בְּדִינָ֖ה בַּת־יַֽעֲקֹ֑ב וַֽיֶּֽאֱהַב֙ אֶת־הַֽנַּֽעֲרָ֔ וַיְדַבֵּ֖ר עַל־לֵ֥ב הַֽנַּֽעֲרָֽ:

Dina is now not described as Leah’s daughter but as Jacob’s. The verbs are to do with sexual intercourse, but there is nothing in the text to say that this is not consensual sex. The problem is really in the process or rather the lack of process. The young prince’s soul cleaves to her, he loves her, he speaks to her heart – but he has had sex with her without first dealing with her family, and this is the meaning of the verb “va’y’anei’ha” here. Ayin Nun Hei  is a root with a number of meanings – to answer, to afflict, to humble, to test, to answer. In this sentence we are clear that by his act he has lowered her status in the eyes of those who prize virginity.  Her bride price will be affected; she is worth less on the marriage market than she was earlier that morning.

It is worth looking at who else is the object of this verb in biblical narrative. Hagar is treated by Sarah in this way, treated in a way that made her feel worthless, and she runs away. (Genesis 16:6)

God treats Israel with this verb (Deut 8:2) keeping them forty years in the wilderness in order to test them, to ensure that they would follow God’s commandments.

In Leviticus we are told to do this to our souls on Yom Kippur – often described as afflicting our souls from which the rabbinic tradition infers that we should fast on that day – it is a day of self-humbling, of recognising that our power and our status are fleeting and that we are dependent on God’s will for our lives.

Tamar uses the word before her brother Ammon rapes her (2Sam 13) but a close reading shows that she is referring  to the shame she will endure, and not to the act which is denoted with the verb h.z.k ‘to seize or overpower’ and which is not used in the narrative around Dina.

The fact that Shechem loves her, speaks kindly to her, wants to marry her – all of this militates against their encounter being a forcible rape. But we don’t know what Dina really thinks – her voice is not recorded nor any action either – she is the object of a story that speaks not about her and her wishes but about the status of the family of Jacob.

The response of her brothers and the anger they show do not bespeak either love or concern for their sister. They are concerned only that she has been made lesser in some way, presumably in terms of her social status and her financial worth. And this will reflect upon them. We only have to think about the wrongly named ‘honour killings’ reported too frequently in our newspapers, which are never about the honour of the woman and only ever about the perceived status of the family to which the woman belonged.

Jacob is silent in the face of all of this, but his sons are not. When the family of Shechem come to organise a marriage they first come to Jacob while the sons are in the fields. He speaks of no anger, he simply waits for the boys to come home. But they are furious – the sexual act between Shechem and Dina is unacceptable to them  “v’chein lo ya’a’seh” This should not be done.

Hamor doesn’t seem to realise how angry the men are, how transgressive the act has been in their eyes. Instead he speaks again of Shechem’s feelings for Dina, asks for her hand in marriage, suggests that the two groups become allies and intermarry their children.  He offers a peaceful future, trading possibilities, living together in the land.  Then Shechem himself speaks – was he there all along? – and he proclaims that whatever they ask as a bride price he is willing to pay. He wants to build a good relationship with them, he wants to marry Dina.

The sons of Jacob answer Hamor and Shechem with slyness – in their eyes their sister has been defiled (t’mei), and the defiler is Shechem. They tell Hamor and Shechem that they cannot marry their sister to an uncircumcised man, so the condition is that every man should be circumcised, and if that is not acceptable they will go away from the land, and take Dina with them. But should they agree, then indeed they will intermarry  and become one people with the family of Shechem.

Shechem and Hamor go back and relay the information to their people. They speak of the peaceable nature of the children of Israel; they say the land is large enough for both groups to be there, they speak of the trade that will ensue between them, and of the marriages that will take place between the two groups.

There is only one jarring note in the text, when Hamor says “Shall not their cattle and their substance and all their beasts be ours?  ”This does not fit with the rest of the narrative which speaks of co-existence and of peacefulness.  There doesn’t seem to be a need for Hamor to increase his wealth by taking on that of the Israelites so what is the sentence doing in the text? It points up that marriage between tribes is always about property and money, they are alliances rather than being about romantic love. And it reads almost as an attempt to justify the actions that will happen shortly – that on the third day after the mass circumcision when the men were in pain, that Shimon and Levi came and slaughtered all of them, including Hamor and Shechem, and took Dina out of their house and, rather poignantly, the text says “va’yetzei’u”, echoing Dina’s original action of ‘tetzei’

They despoiled the city, took captives and all the wealth and the animals belonging to the people, and their father’s only response is to tell them that their actions have made Jacob’s continued position in the land dangerous. Their response ends the story – “should one treat our sister like a prostitute?”

This is a story not about a woman but about male power and identity expressed through their genitalia and the act of sex. It begins just after Jacob has been injured in the groin area by the angel, then comes the sexual act by Shechem who ‘takes’ Dina, then comes the mass circumcision ordered by Jacob’s sons, when the power of the people of Hamor and Shechem is at its lowest, this is followed by the death of Rachel in childbirth, and ends with the story of Reuven sleeping with his father’s concubine Bilha.

The story is sandwiched between the two accounts of Jacob changing his name to Israel – there seems to be some transitional process in which the maleness of the protagonists is both used and also tamed.  The centrality of the male organ can’t be ignored. Milah, the act of circumcision is used both for the male organ, for fruit bearing trees, and for the heart/mind. In bible the act of milah is often followed by increased fertility or life – Abraham only has Isaac after his circumcision for example – an uncircumcised heart does not cleave to God;  and it also curtails unbridled power.

The story of Dina seems to be a pretext on which to hang an ancient and powerful belief that has nothing to do with a young woman and everything to do with establishing and embedding a patriarchy.  Sadly this direction has been continued in midrashic rabbinic teachings – which say everything from blaming her for leaving the house at all, to suggesting she liked to be looked at, had dressed provocatively, had brought the whole thing upon herself. From this quickly comes a whole raft of halachic responsa curtailing the activities and the physicality of women. It seems to be one of the biggest ironies that a sidra dealing with both the fear of male power as symbolised in the male organ and the need to tame and curtail such power has in the midrash and general understanding of the story become one in which the woman is blamed and victimised. Poor Dina. We never find out what happened to her after this, though Midrash marries her to Job, and also suggests that a child born of her encounter with Shechem later marries Joseph in Egypt. The concern once again of the different stories in midrashic imaginings is to rehabilitate her of her ‘sin’ and to bring her descendants back into the chain of tradition. Poor Dina, judged and punished and brought back into the family without ever once having her own voice heard.

 

image Gerard Hoet Shimon and Levy slaying the men of Shechem

Parashat Pinchas:Religion is designed to protect us from our shadow side

The actions of Pinchas son of Eleazar and grandson of Aaron have been a real problem to commentators on bible from earliest times. The Israelites were sinning, committing idolatry and cavorting with the Midianite women and God had ordered the leaders of these people to be killed. But Pinchas, apparently roused to zealous fury by the sight of an Israelite man with a Midianite woman who were shamelessly transgressing in full view of Moses and the weeping frightened people waiting by the door of the Tent of Meeting, thrust a spear through the misbehaving couple.

It was summary justice, conducted without any of the due process of warning, without trial where both sides of the story could be told, without witnesses speaking, without the judicial process that would protect the accused and offer mitigating outcomes. Pinchas’ action was simply outrageous, contravening all the rules set up to protect society.  Put simply he murdered two human beings because he was ‘zealous for God’. He is the icon of proponents of violence in the name of religion.

But while God may seemingly reward Pinchas (and also the people as the plague is suddenly stopped), the ambiguity of the text and many responses of tradition make clear that violence in the name of God is unacceptable. The third century sage Rav condemned him, saying that the judgement on the two people he had killed was only to be made by God, and while the action might be within the parameters of law given on Sinai, “God who gave the advice should execute the advice”.  In the Jerusalem Talmud (Sanhedrin 9:7) we read that “Pinchas acted against the will of the wise men”, and of the comment by  Rabbi Judah bar Pazzi who says that Pinchas was about to be excommunicated for his action and that this was only averted when God intervened to save him.  God’s declaration that this zealousness and its murderous outcome was done without any personal motivation whatsoever, done only for the honour of God, was what saved Pinchas from the legal process about to take place, but even then it is understood that only such absolute purity of motive is acceptable, and only God can know the full motives of any heart.

Zealousness or vengeance on behalf of God – it is a problem that has never left religion.  God says that Pinchas was “vengeful/zealous/carrying out My vengeance  for My sake (be-kano et kinati     בְּקַנְא֥וֹ אֶת־קִנְאָתִ֖י בְּתוֹכָ֑ם).

קַנָּא is an attribute of God, albeit one that moderns find problematic. We know, because bible tells us, that the plague on the people was an aspect of divine קַנָּא, also that God introduces Godself to the people at Mt. Sinai as “El Kana” (Exodus 20:4). And whatever the difficulty we might have with knowing that God is not only love, not only sweetness and light, but that God is complex and contains within divinity the full spectrum of possibility, it seems to me that in the way this text is written, as well as the majority of rabbinic responses to it, we are made to understand that this attribute is one that should properly be left to God. For who among us is so pure of heart that we can know that there is no other motive, no selfish desire or egoistic drive mixed in with our religious zeal?

Violence and vengeance is part of the human psyche.  The book of Genesis tells us that Cain (whose name  קַיִן echoes the sound קַנָּא, although it comes from the root meaning acquisition rather than vengefulness) murdered his own brother in anger when his own hopes were frustrated. He too was given something by God – the mark of Cain placed on him to protect him from those who would hurt him. Within ten generations of Cain the earth is filled with wickedness and violence, so much that God was sorry that s/he had ever created human beings (Genesis 6:5ff) and wanted to blot them off the surface of the earth, saving only one family, that of Noach, who was relatively less wicked than others. God told Noach “The end of all flesh is come before Me; for the earth is filled with violence through them; and, behold, I will destroy them with the earth.” (Gen 6:13)

From the beginning of bible, it is clear that when God made human beings in the divine image, this included the shadow side of that image. It becomes the job of religion not to excise that which cannot be eliminated, but to recognise it and to find ways to constrain it, limiting the driver of zealousness to the point of making it impotent, making it impossible for people to act from this belief/feeling.  Hence the Talmudic narrative which clarifies that Pinchas is defended by God because uniquely he has entirely pure motives for his act, with no personal impetus whatsoever.

Talmud also contains the idea that “the [torah] scroll and the sword came down from heaven tied together” – a teaching by the 3rd century Rabbi Eleazar of Modi’in. It derives from the Rabbinic idea that Torah was a complete and perfect work even before it was given to the Israelite people at Mt Sinai, and ties it together with the idea that violence/vengeance was also one of the earliest actions demonstrated in humanity. It is often quoted to suggest that both are necessary for the survival of the Jewish people, but in fact the statement of Rabbi Eleazar goes on:- “God said to Israel, ‘If you observe the Torah that is written in the one, you will be saved from the other. If you do not, then you will be destroyed/injured by it”

The teaching is clear however: Both violence and religion are intertwined and archetypal in people, but the work of religious tradition is to try to separate them, not to allow the violence which is endemic within us to overpower us, but instead to follow the will of God in order to subdue this first and primal response.

When God gives Pinchas the covenant of peace, he is not rewarding him for an achievement, he is constraining him from further violence, just as the mark of Cain is constraining others from further violence.

The problem we face today is how to constrain those who feel zealousness for God, of whatever tradition and whatever religion, so that they understand that, in the words of the final song of Moses, Ha’azinu, God says  לִ֤י נָקָם֙ וְשִׁלֵּ֔ם “Vengeance and Recompense is Mine”.

It is not our work to punish or avenge in the name of God, we leave that to God. But it is our work to educate ourselves and each other that acts of violence in the name of religion or in the name of protecting the honour of God are unacceptable, beyond any parameter in this world, and will not make the perpetrators religious martyrs or otherwise glorified. Religion is designed to protect us from our shadow side, from acting on our anger and from narrowing our perspective so we no longer see the humanity of each other. If it is not doing this, then it is religion that needs to evolve in order to fulfil this function.  And that is a job for people – not God – to do: And if not now, when?